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    • 13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2022

ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืืฉืช ื—ื•ืง" ืœ"ืืฉืช ื—ื™ืง"

ืขืœ ืคื–ืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ "ื–ืžืจ ืžืคื•ื—ื™ืช"

ืคื•ืจืกื: ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจ (ื”ืžื•ื–ื” ืงืœืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื: ืขืœ ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ) ,

ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ 1755 13/06/2022



ืืช ืคื–ืžื•ื ื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข "ื–ึถืžืจ ืžืคื•ื—ื™ืช" ื›ืชื‘ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965 ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžื•ืคืข "ืฉื•ึผืง ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ึนืช" ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื• ืฉืœ ืฆืžื“ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื-ื”ื–ืžืจื™ื ืึดื™ืœื™ ื’ื•ืจืœื™ืฆืงื™ ื•ื™ื•ื ื” ืขื˜ืจื™. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืœื”ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ืคืข ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ื‘"ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืฉืœืžึทื™ ื”ืกื ื“ืœืจ", ืžื—ื–ื”ื• ืฉืœ ืกืžื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืชืจื’ืžื•ึน ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื• ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•, ืฉืฉืึดื“ืจื’ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืœืื™ืŸ-ืขืจื•ืš (ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1964 โ€“ 1971 ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” 630 ืคืขืžื™ื, ื•ื’ืืœ ืืช ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ "ื”ืงืืžืจื™" ืžื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกื’ื™ืจืชื•).


ื‘ืฉื ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉื ืช 1965, ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ "ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅ", ืฉื‘ึผื•ึน ืžืชื•ืืจืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช "ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื" ืžืžืจื•ืงื•, ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ืœืขื™ื™ืจืช ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ึผึดืชื ื–'ื ื˜ ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื ืงืœืขืช ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืœืฆืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœึดื™ื•ื• ื‘ื—ึดื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื’ึดื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืืงืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื™ื• ื”ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื”ืžึดืฉืชื ื” ืชื‘ื™ื ืึดืชื” ื’ื ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ื–ึถืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ืื– ื‘ื™ืคื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ึถืจื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื•ึผืฉืึธืจื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ึผื•ึผื–ื•ึผืงื™ (ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ "ื›ืœื™ืฃ", ื”"ื—ืžืื", "ืขื•ืžืืจ ื›ื™ืื", "ืืจื™ืื ื”",1 ื•ืขื•ื“), ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื•ื‘ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžื›ื‘ื™ืจ; ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืฉื™ืจื• "ื–ึถืžืจ ืžืคื•ื—ื™ืช", ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืื˜, ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ โ€“ ืกืคืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื•:


ื™ึตืฉื ื‘ึผึธืชึผึตื™ ื™ึทื™ึดืŸ ื•ึฐื˜ึธื‘ึถืจึฐื ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืงึปื‘ึผื•ึนืช ื™ึตืฉื,

ื‘ึผึฐืกึทืŸ ืคึฐืจึทื ึฐืฆึดื™ืกึฐืงื•ึน, ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืจึฐืกึตื™ื™ ื•ึฐืกึทืŸ ืžึธืœื•ึน,

ื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ืฉืึฐื—ื•ึนืจื•ึนืช ื™ึตืฉื, ืฆึฐื”ึปื‘ึผื•ึนืช ื™ึตืฉื, ืึฒื“ึปืžึผื•ึนืช ื™ึตืฉื,

ื•ึฐื’ึทื ืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐืึทื”ึตื‘ ื‘ึผึธืŸ, ืœึธืžึผึธื” ืœึนื?

ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืขึทืœ ืึทืฃ ื›ึผึธืœ ืึตืœึผึถื”, ื—ึตื™ ืฉืึธืžึทื™ึดื,

ืึฒื ึดื™ ืงึธืฉืื•ึผืจ ืึถืœ ืึตื™ื–ื•ึน ืชึผึฐื ื•ึผื‘ึธื” ืžึฐืจึปืคึผึถื˜ึถืช,

ื•ึฐืึดื ื‘ึผื•ึนื›ึธื” ื”ึทืžึผึทืคึผื•ึผื—ึดื™ืช ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผึดืจึฐื›ึผึทื™ึดื,

ื•ึฐืึดื ื ึดืžึฐืึทืกึฐืชึผึดื™ ืขึทืœ ืขึทืฆึฐืžึดื™ โ€“ ื–ึถื” ืœึนื ืžึดื™ึผึทื™ึดืŸ.

ื–ึถื” ืจึทืง ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐืœึทืœ ืึตื™ื–ื•ึน ืžึดืจึฐื™ึธืžึธื” ืžึฐื–ึปืคึผึถืชึถืช.


ื”ืฉื "ืžึดืจื™ึธืžื”" (ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœืชืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื "ืžืจื™ื" โ€“ "ืžึทืจื™ื•ึผืžื”"), ื•ื›ืžื•-ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” "ื—ึธืจึธืืžื”" ื•"ืžื–ื•ืคืชืช", ื•ื‘ืฆึดื“ื ื”ืคืœืคืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื” โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืคื–ืžื•ื ื• "ื–ึถืžืจ ืžืคื•ื—ื™ืช" ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื• ื ืกื‘ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœื™ ื”ืคืœืž"ื—, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืงืฉื™ื™ ื”ื”ืชืืงืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”"ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื" ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”"ื™ึถืงื™ื" ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืจืฆื” ืื—ืจื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ "ื›ืจื ื”ืชื™ืžื ื™ื", ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ "ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”". ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืœื ื”ึดืจื‘ึผื” ืœื—ื‘ึผืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ืžึธืœืื• ื”ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืžืจื•ืงื•, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืชืžื•ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชื•ืจื›ื™ื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ). ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื™ืงืคื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืžืชื’ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.2


ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื–ืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• "ืืฉืช ื—ึตื™ืง" ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืžืœ ื•ืจื•ืžืŸ ืจื‘-ืฉื ื™ื ืขื ืžึดืจึฐื™ึธืžึธื” ื”ื ืืžื ื” ื”ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื• ื‘ื ืžืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื‚ึธื‘ืขื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืฉืืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืื™ืฉื”. ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื•ืืฉืช ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื™ื”ืคื›ื ื” ืœ"ืืฉืช ื—ื•ืง", ื•ื™ืฉื™ื ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ืงืฅ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื• ื”ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืžื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžืชืœื‘ื˜ ืื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.


ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ "ื–ึถืžืจ ืžืคื•ื—ื™ืช" ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ืœื-ื™ื•ืฆืœื—, ืฉื ืงืœืข ื‘ื›ืฃ ื”ืงืœืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื”ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืžื ื• ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื• ื•ืงื•ืจืฆื•ืช ืœื• ืžืคึผึดืชื—ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืจื ื•ืช. ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื”ืกืคืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ื™ืžื”, ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืขื“ ืคื ืžื”, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื™ืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคื”. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ื™ื-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™" ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื‘ืชื™-ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ื‘ืจื ื•ืช, ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื‘ืขืฆื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื”ืœื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืœื•ืจืœื™ื™".

ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืžืกึทืคึผืจ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืื•ืชื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืœืชื•ืš ื ื”ืจ ื”ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืžืช ืื”ื‘ื” ื ื›ื–ื‘ืช, ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื‘ืชื•ืœืช ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืกืœืข ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื ื”ืจ ื•ืกื•ืจืงืช ืืช ืฉึฐืขืจื” ื”ื–ื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืกืจืง ื–ื”ื‘. ื”ืจืคืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ "ื–ึถืžืจ ืžืคื•ื—ื™ืช" ื ืืžืจ ืžืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืจ ื’ื•ืจืœื•: "ืžึทื” ืงึผึธืจึธื” ืœึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื“ ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท / ืœึดื™ ืขึทืฆึฐืžึดื™ ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืœึนื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืจ / ื–ึถื” ื”ึธืขึถืจึถื‘ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื”ึทืžึผึฐืฉืึทื’ึผึตืขึท / ืื•ึน ื”ึทื–ึผึถืžึถืจ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื”ึธืึธืจื•ึผืจ. / ืžึทืคึผื•ึผื—ึดื™ืช ืžึฐืคึธืจึถืฉื‚ึถืช ื™ึธื“ึถื™ื”ึธ /ืฉืึธืจึธื” ืฉืึดื™ืจ ืฉืึถืœ ืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ื•ึดื™ืœึตืœ / ืžึทื” ืงึผึธืจึธื” ืœึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื“ ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท / ืžึถื” ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึดื™ ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท ื”ึธืึตืœ".


ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœื ืฉื›ื— ืขื“ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื™ืžื™ื• ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื” "ืœื•ืจืœื™ื™", ืฉืžืžื ื• ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื (ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘"ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืขืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ืฉืœื•). ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•. ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ("Ich weiรŸ nicht, was soll es bedeuten / DaรŸ ich so traurig bin") ืฉื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื˜ื ืื™, ื”ื•ื: "ืžึทื” ื™ึผึตืฉื ืœึดื™ ืึตื™ื ึถื ึผึดื™ ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท / ืฉืึถื›ึผื” ืขึธืฆื•ึผื‘ ืึฒื ึดื™", ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืชืคื ื™ืช ืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆืช. ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื”, ืืš ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ.


ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืจ ื’ื•ืจืœื•. ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื•, ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ึถืžืจ ื”ืืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ืขื™ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื ืžืจื•ื›ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืจื ื•ืช ื•ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืœื•ืจืœื™ื™ via ื”ื™ื™ื ื” โ€“ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื›ื–ืจื™ ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื—ืœื—ืœื”, ืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืžืžื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื•ึน.3 ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืจื™ืžื”, ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื ืืžื ื” ื›ืฉืคื—ื” ื ืจืฆืขืช, ืฉืกื•ืœื—ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืœืœื™ื•.


ืืช ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ "ื–ึถืžึถืจ ืžืคื•ื—ื™ืช" ื›ืชื‘ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื•ืžืคื•ื›ื—, ืฉื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืฉื‚ืชืจืš ืžื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืงืคื” "ื›ืกื™ืช" ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืจื“ืื• ืœื™ื“ ื”ื™ื, ืงืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืืฉืช ื—ื™ืง" ืœ"ืืฉืช ื—ื•ืง" (ืื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืืช ืืžื™ืจืชื• ื”ืฉื ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™). ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื™ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืกืคืŸ" ืื• "ื”ืžืœื—" ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžึดืกื‘ืš ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืชื• ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื‘ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ึธื‘ืจื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื (ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื›ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืœื‘ึผืŸ" ื‘ืžืกืขื“ืช "ืชื ื•ื‘ื”" ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื›ึผืŸ "ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื ื•" ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉื‚ึฐื‘ึทืข-ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืฉื”ืจื•ืคื ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืžืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื).

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ืฉืึฐืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื ืืžื ื” ื‘ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืชืจืžื ื™ ื”ื•ื "ืžืจื™ื"-"ืžึดืจื™ึธืžื”", ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื—ืจื™ื–ื” ืขื "ื™ื" ื•"ื™ืžื”", ืืš ืœืืžึดืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื, ืœืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื•ืขื“ ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ-ืคื™-ืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•: ื™ืื•ืจ, ืื• ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืืจ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื” ืฉืฉื˜ ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืื•ืจ (ื’ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืกืžื ื˜ื™ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉื” ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืกืชืจ; ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื—ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืกื›ื ื”, ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื˜ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืืœื™ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืคืจืขื” ื›ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื•ึนืฉืึถื” ืืช ืขืžื• ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ ื•ื”ื™ื•ึถื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื—ื“ืฉื”).


ืื—ื•ืชื• ืžืจื™ื ืฉืจื” ืืช "ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื" ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื’ื "ื‘ึผึฐืึตืจื”ึผ ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื", ืฉื ื“ื“ื” ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ืจืช. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืฉื’ื ื”ืฉื ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื• ื”ื ื›ืจื™ื™ื ("ืžืืจื™", "ืžืืจื™ื”", "ืžืืจื™ื ื”") ืžื›ื™ืœ ืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืืจึถื” = ื™ื. ืžื™ื“ื™ื“ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ืฉ' ืฉืคืจื” ื–"ืœ, ืžืชืจื’ืžืช ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื›ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ึผืžืจื™ื™ื, ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉ"ืžืจื™ื" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืื”ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืืœ ื™ื", ืื• "ื‘ืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืืœ ื™ื", ื•ื”ืืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ื™ื", ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ "ื‘ืขืœ", ื”ื•ื ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ืกืขืจื”.4


ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืึถื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื "ืžืจื™ื" ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื” ืฉื ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™, ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืžื•ึผืจืžืช ืžืขื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฉื "ืขืžืจื" ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื• ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื”ืจื ื•ื”ื ื™ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ืžืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฉื "ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“" ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืื™ืฉื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื ื™ืฉืื”, ื”ืžื›ื‘ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืืœ ื•ื”ืืœ ืžื›ื‘ื“ื”ึผ, ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืฉื "ืžืจื™ื" ืžืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืžืจื” โ€“ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ื ืขืœึธื” ื•ืžืจื•ืžืžืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ืœื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืžื” ื’ื ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื™ ืฉื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืืช ืื—ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื“ืช ื‘ื•.


ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ึผืช, ืื• ื›ืคืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ื ื™ื›ึผืจ ืืคื•ื ืœืžืŸ ืึดืคื™ื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื: ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ืื—ื•ืช ื“ื•ืื’ืช, ืฉื—ืจื“ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื ืื—ื™ื”, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืชื—ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื•ืืฃ ื ืขื ืฉืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืขื•ื ืฉ ื›ื‘ื“. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ืื™ืฉื” ืžืฉื›ืœืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื ื‘ื™ืื” ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืคื•ืขืœื” ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืื“ืจืช ืžืขืฉื™ ืื—ึถื™ื”, ืžืฉื” ื•ืื”ืจืŸ. ืžืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืคื”, ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืชืช ืงื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจ (ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืžืฉื•ืจืจ" ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœ-poet ื•ืœ-singer, ื•"ื—ื‘ืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื" ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื›ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื ึตื‘ืœ ื•ืชื•ืฃ ื•ื—ืœื™ืœ ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ; ืžืฉืžืข, ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื”ื™ื• ืžืœึทื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื”). ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืขื•ื“ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช: ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืขื’ืช ืœืžืฉื” ืขืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ืฉื™ืช (ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉ"ื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ืฉืึฐื—ื•ึนืจื•ึนืช ื™ึตืฉื"), ืืš ืชื›ืฃ ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ื›ืฉืœื’ ื‘ืฉืœ ื ื’ืข ื”ืฆืจืขืช, ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆื‘ืขื• ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ืจืฆื•ื™. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ โ€“ ื›ืš ืจื•ืžื– ื”ืžืกึทืคึผึตืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ โ€“ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ื’ืข ื”ืฆืจืขืช.


ื•ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื ื•ืกืฃ: ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืœื ื”ืชื ืกืชื” ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช (ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืืžื ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ ื•ืœืึตื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš ื›ืœ ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™), ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืœึธืื ื”ืื•ึผืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืœึธืื ื‘ื”"ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”, ื•ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ืืฃ ืžื ืกื” ืœืชืจืฅ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ื‘ึผื•ึผืจ ืžืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื•ืื ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฉื "ืžืจื™ื" ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืงื“ื•ึนืฉื” ื•ื’ื ื”ืงื“ึตืฉื”.


ืื›ืŸ, ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ ืžืชื”ืคื›ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื“ื•-ืขืจื›ื™ โ€“ ืฉื ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ึนืฉื” ื•ืงื“ึตืฉื” ื›ืื—ืช. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ึธื‘ึถืจื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคื™ืคื” ืื—ืช ืขื ื”"ืงื•ึผื‘ึผื•ืช" (ืžื™ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืกืžื ื˜ื™ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ื ื•ึผืช), ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื—ึฒืจึธืžึธื”", ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืงื“ื•ึผืฉื” (ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” ืจื•ืžื–ืช ื’ื ืœืžื™ืœื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช "ื—ึถืจื" = "ืจืฉืช", ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžืคืชื” ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืžืคื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืฉืชื”).

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ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื’ื ื”ึดื˜ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช: ื”ืกื™ืจื ื•ืช ื•ืœื•ืจืœื™ื™ ื”ืŸ ืคื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืกืคื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื”, ืืš ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ (ืฉื ื ืจื“ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื•ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื•) ืžืขืœื” ืืฆืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื’ื ืืช ื–ึดื›ืจื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” (ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื’ื ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ืช ืชื•ืฃ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช). ืืฆืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื”: ื”ื•ื ืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ื—ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืžืคื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืจื• โ€“ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื• โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืœึทื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื•. ืžืฉืžืข, ืืฆืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื" ืžืคืชื”, ืืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ืžืชืœื‘ื˜, ืกืคืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืžืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื ื•ึผื’ื” .


ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ "ืœืคึธืจืฉื (ืื• ืœืคืจื•ืฉื‚) ื™ื“ื™ื™ื (ืื• ื›ืคื™ื™ื)" ื‘ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืงื™ื ื” ื•ืื‘ืœ (ืžืœ"ื ื—, ืœื—; ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื“, ืœื; ืื™ื›ื” ื, ื™ื–) ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง "ืงึดืจืื• ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื" ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ "ื™ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื, ืขืฆื™ ื’ืŸ"). ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื ื’ืŸ, ื”ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืžืคื•ื—ื™ืช (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืคื•ื—ื™ืช-ื”ื™ื“) ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื›ืคื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ื’ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื•ืœื ื”ื›ืœื™, ืืš ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœื ืื—ืช ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”.


ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ื ืื•ื" ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื ื›ืชื‘: "ืžึดืกึฐืชึผึทื—ึฐืจึตืจ ื”ึธืื•ึผืœึธื ืžึดื’ึผึธื‘ึฐื”ึตื™ ื™ึฐืฆึดื™ืขึธื™ื•", ื•ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื ื™ื›ึผืจ ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช: ื™ืฉ ืฉืื“ื ื”ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืกื—ืจื—ื•ืจืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ืื•ืœื ืžืกืชื—ืจืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” (ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืžื‘ึทืฆืข ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื”ึผ). ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ืฉื‚ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ืฉื" ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื•: "ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ื”ึทื‘ึผึทืจึฐื–ึถืœ, ื”ึธืึฑืœึดื™ืœ ื•ึฐื”ึธืขึถื‘ึถื“ / ื ึทืคึผึทื— ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื - - ". ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆืงื• ืืช ืืœื™ืœื™ื”ื ืžืžืชื›ืช, ื•ื”ึดื›ึผื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื“ืŸ ื›ื‘ืขื‘ื“ ืจื›ื•ืŸ-ืจืืฉ ืฉืื“ื•ื ื™ื• ืจื•ื“ื” ื‘ื•. ื™ื•ืฆื ืืคื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉื”ื ึทืคึผึธื— ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื• ื•ืžื›ึผึถื” ื‘ื• ื‘ืงื•ืจื ืก ืžื›ื•ึผื ึถื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื "ื ึทืคึผึทื— ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื", ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคึผึธืกื™ื‘ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืง ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืงื‘ืœื”ึผ.5


ื•ื”ืžืคื•ื—ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืคื•ื— ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืœื‘ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื ืคื—, ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืชื•ืคื—, ืžืจื•ื‘ ืจื’ืฉ ื•ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข, ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื™ื™ื: "ืžึธื—ึธืจ ื ึตืœึตืšึฐ ื•ึฐื ึดืชึฐื—ึทืชึผึตืŸ, ืกื•ึนืฃ ืœึทื•ึผึดื›ึผื•ึผื—ึท, / ื—ึฒืฉืื•ึนื‘ ื”ึตื™ื˜ึตื‘ ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถืชึผึธื’ึดื™ืขึท ืœึทื—ึปืคึผึธื”. / ื”ึธืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ืชึผื•ึนื›ื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึทืชึผึทืคึผื•ึผื—ึท, / ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื‘ึผึทื ึผึดืฉึผื‚ื•ึผืึดื™ืŸ ืœื•ึนืงึฐื—ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึทืงึผึฐืœึดืคึผึธื”. / ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืงึผึฐืœึดืคึผึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืึฒื ึดื™ ืึถื‘ึฐืจึทื— ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึธื” [...]". ืืช ื”"ืงืœื™ืคื”" ื›ืฉื-ื ืจื“ืฃ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืจืขื” ืœืงื— ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืขืจ, ืžืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืขื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง "ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื•", ืฉื‘ึผื•ึน ื”"ืงืœื™ืคื”" ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœ"ื›ืœื‘ืชื" ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืžื™ืช ืืœ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื’ื” ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ.


ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืืช ืคื–ืžื•ื ื• "ื–ืžืจ ืžืคื•ื—ื™ืช" ืคืจืกื ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื”-55 ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืคึผึดืจืกื ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅ, ื•ื‘ื• "ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ" ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ืฉ"ืฆื•ื™ืจื”" ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื˜ืจึธื’ื™ืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ (ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ื ืขืจืฅ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืกืจ ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื—ืฉ ืฉื–ืžื ื• ืงืฆื•ื‘). ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื’ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืขึตื“ื•ึนืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.


ื—ืœืคื• ื›ืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจ, ื•ืขืžื•ืก ืขื•ื– ืคืจืกื ืืช ืกืคืจื• ื™ื•ืฆื-ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื, ื”"ืžืชื›ืชื‘" ืขื ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืชืคื•ื’ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš" ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืฆื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช. ื‘ืกืš-ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื ืคืจืฉืช ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืจืงืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™-ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืžื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืืžืจ ื—"ื  ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืชื” ื›ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืคืจื“ ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืชืจื’ืžื” ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื ึทื›ึผึตืก ืืช ืชื›ื ื™ื”ึธ ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ึธ ื‘ืžื™ืŸ "ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื" ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™.



ื”ืขืจื•ืช:

  1. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื•ืื™ "ืืจื™ืื ื”", ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืจื ื”, ืงืจื ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจืช ืคื–ืžื•ื ื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื "ืื•ืจื™ืื ื”". ื•ืื•ืœื, ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื "ืื•ืจื™ืื ื”" ("ืฉื—ืจ" ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”).

  2. ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืจืื• ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืชื™ "ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืื• ืืœืคื ื“ืจื™", ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื•ื 17.5.2013. ื•ืจืื• ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื™ https://www.zivashamir.com/

  3. ืจืื• ืžืืžืจื™ "ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ" (ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื” "ืœื•ืจืœื™ื™"), ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจ, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 1695, ืžื™ื•ื 8.11.2021.

  4. ืจืื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ 2015, ืขืž' 193 โ€“ 228.

  5. ื“"ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื˜ืจื˜ื ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื ื™ ืฉื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ืื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช" ืฉื‘ึผื•ึน ืžืชื•ืืจ ืกืชื™ื• ืื ื•ืฉ ื•ื™ื’ืข. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื™ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืืš ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžืื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืชื™ื• ื•ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคึตืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.


ืชื™ื•ื’ื™ื:

ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืืชืจ - 

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