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ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง - ื”ืจืฆืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ

ื ืขืจื›ื” ืžื•ืœ ืงื”ืœ ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘-ZOOM ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2023


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ื—"ื  ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง โ€“ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™

ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืืžื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•, ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™-ืœืื•ืžื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืฆื“ื• ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฆื“ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ื•ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืœื ืคืขื ืฉื•ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ืืขืค"ื› ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื›ืžื•-ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™. ื•ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™. ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืจืง ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ (ืขื•ื ื™, ื™ืชืžื•ืช, ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ื™ื).


ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ:

ืื™ืœื• ืจืฆื” ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื, ืื™ืš ืงืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื™ืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืงืจื• ืœื•.


ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืกื™ืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืืš ืœื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ืื ื™". ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื”, ืฉืื•ืชื• ื—ื™ืœืฆืชื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืจื–ืช "ื”ื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืขืจ" ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ ืื•ื‘ื“ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ื•ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืช ื•ืžืชืื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื•. ืืš ื‘ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืชื•.


ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช:

ื”ืชืื›ื–ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืฉืฉื™ื‘ืฆื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื ืจืื• ืœื™ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœืคืจืฉ. ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” (ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื–ื” ืื’ื), ื•ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื” ื“ื’ื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ .


ืกืคืจื™ื™ ืขืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ:

ืœื—ืงืจ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง โ€“ ื›ืขื™ืŸ "ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื•ื•ืื™". ืœืžืฉืœ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื‘"ืฉื™ืจื”" ื™ืฉ ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืืช ืคืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ. ืชืžื™ ืฉืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื™ www.zivashamir.com ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื ื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจ "ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ ื”ืื‘ โ€“ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืกืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง" ืฉืื•ืชื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ "ืกืคืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื“ื”".


ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘-1909:

ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื™ืฆื ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืฉืฆื‘ืื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื–ืจ ืคืจื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืืœืฅ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื• โ€“ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช). ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืžื™ืžื™ ืื•ื“ืกื”, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื• ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืœื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”. ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืจื’ืœ ื•ืฉื•ื—ื—ื• ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช.


ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื“ื‘ ืกื“ืŸ 50 ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉ. ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ืจืง ืื™ื–ื” ืงื˜ืข ืชืžื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืœื™ ื”ื’ืžืœ. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”. 50 ื™ื•ื ื•-50 ืœื™ืœื” ืžื•ื–ืจ.... ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืืžืจืชื™ "ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ"? ื›ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ื”"ืข ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื˜ืจืฉืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืžืžื ื” ืžืืžืจื™ "ืืžืช ืžื"ื™", ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ืชืžื”ืžื” ืžืฉื•ื ืžื”. ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื‘ื“ ื•ืื™ื ื ื•. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื? ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ืฉื›ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ืกื˜, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืจื”, ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื”ืœืš ืขื ืžื•ืจื”ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ื ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื ืชืœื•ื•ื” ืืœื™ื• ื•ืชืœื” ืืœื™ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืืœ ืžื•ืจื”ื•.


"ืคืจืฉ":

ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืคืžืœื™ืชื• ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื“ื’ื ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ืขืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ. ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืขืจื›ื• ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืคืข ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืžืขืœ ืžืฉื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•: ื”ืื ืœื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืœืœื ื•? ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉื™ืจืฉ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“-ื—ื›ื ื”ื’ืœื•ืชื™, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืกืคืจ. ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืชืื›ื–ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ืชื‘ ืชื™ื›ืฃ ื•ืžื™ื“ ืฉื™ืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืœืžืคืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืชืžืฆืื• ืฉื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• "ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ" (1911) ืืช ืžืฉืืœืชื• ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืคื ื•ืกืคืจื. ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื "ืคืจืฉ" ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืืจ ื™ืœื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืจื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื• ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœ (ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœ "ื•ื”ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœ"). ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืคืจืฉ ื•ื’ื ืคืจืฉืŸ, ืื™ืฉ ืจื•ื—, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืžืฉื•ืจืจ. ื›ื™ ื”ืกื•ืก ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืก ื˜ืก. [ื˜ื™ืก, ืžื˜ื•ืก] ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื โ€“ ืคื’ืกื•ืก.


"ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื™ ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคืš":

ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉืช ืื™ืจื” ื™ืืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• "ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื™ ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคืš". ืื™ืจื” ื™ืืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืœืžืขื ื”. ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืœื• ื™ื“ืขื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ืœืืฉื” ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืงืŸ, ื•ื’ื ืœืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืจื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืื• ืžื•ื–ื”. ื›ืš ืื• ืืš, ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ืฉืจ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ืื ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื•? ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืžืื™ืจื” ื™ืืŸ โ€“ ืœื ืชื™ื‘ืš ื”ื ืขืœื โ€“ ืžืชื•ืจืช ืกื•ืกื” ืฉืฉื•ืขื˜ืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืื—"ื› ืžืขืœื” ืื‘ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ื ืคื™ื” ืจื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ. ื•ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ "ืืœื‘ื•ืจืง" โ€“ ื”ืกื•ืก ื”ืžื›ื•ื ืฃ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืœืžืกื’ื“ ืืงืฆื.


ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืœืขื’ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง:

ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื. ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื ืคืจื“ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื”ื, ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืจืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ, ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืขื•ื’ ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื•ืฉื™ื‘ืฅ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœื ืžื—ืžื™ืื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœ ื ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื ืชืขืฆืžื” ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื”.


ื‘ืื“ ื”ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’:

ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื"ื™ ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืื•ื“ืกื”, ื•ื’ื ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘-1912 ื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื”ืคืขื ืœื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ืขื ืืกืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืจื›ืก, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืงืื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืจื—ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืื“-ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื ื—ืœืฅ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืžื‘ืจื™ืช-ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืงืกื™ื ื’ื•ืจืงื™, ืฉืคืขืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืœื• ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ืืš ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื“ืื’ ืจืง ืœืขืฆืžื•. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืชื™ ืื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืฉืืœืžืœื ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืช-ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืคื—ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ.


ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืจืฆื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ-ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืฉื ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ืงื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” (ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ืžืฆื) ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื: ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื”, ื”ื”ื™ืคืจืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืžืŸ, ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจืช ืชื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืžืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื”, ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืงืฉื™ื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืขื ื” ืœื”ืฆืขืช ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจ ืœื™ื“ื• ื‘ื‘ืื“ ื”ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ืžืจื—ืง 550 ืง"ืž ืžื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ (ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืฉืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช, ืœืคื ื™ 100 ืฉื ื” ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื). ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืกืชืคืงื• ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืœื›ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจื’ืœ ื•ืฉื•ื—ื—ื• ืขื“ ืฉืขื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ืžื” ื ืฉืืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”? ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืกืคืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืคืชื— ืืช ืกื’ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื•, ื•ื’ื ืคื™ืจืฉ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ืžื” ื ืฉืืจ ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”? ืœื ื›ืœื•ื. ืื™ืœื• ืชื™ืขื“ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืกืคืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž"ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื’ืชื” ืขื ืืงืจืžืŸ". ืื‘ืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืืงืจืžืŸ". ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื.


"ื”ื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืขืจ":

ื‘ื‘ืื“ ื”ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืกืคืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื, ืขื ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืžืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื•ืฉืœ ืžืื™ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืกื•ืฃ-ื›ืœ-ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•"ืœ, ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืชืœื‘ื˜ ืืœืฃ ืคืขืžื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืืจื ืงื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืกืคืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื ื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืคืฅ ืœื‘. ื–ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื•ืจื–ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืื•ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืจืฆื” ืฉื’ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ื•ื›ืืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื‘ืžืื”, ื”-19 ืชืจื’ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืจื™ืงืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืงืืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื—ืจื™ืจื™ ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืืžืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•: ืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืืœื—ืจื™ืจื™. ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ืืœื—ืจื™ื–ื™, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืžืงืืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื‘ืืจื”, ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื™, ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืงืืžื” "ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆืœื•ืช ื•ืืœื•ืฃ ืฉื•ื" ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืงืืžื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ ื›ืžื• "ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืืฉ". ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืจื–ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ืึถืคึผื™ ืขืค"ืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื , ืžืœื•ึผื•ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื ื•ืช.


ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืจื–ื•ืช:

ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื˜ืฃ ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืจื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืื•ื™ืจืช, ืœืฆื“ "ืžืกืข ื”ื“ื’" โ€“ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืžืŸ-ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ืฉืื™ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื”. ื”ืกืคืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•, ื•ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช "ืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช", ืืš ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื‘ืจ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ื•ืฆืื” ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื• ืืช ื›ื”"ื™. ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื’ื ื•ื ื™ืช โ€“ ื‘ืคืกื™ืคืก ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืคืกื•ืงื™ื.

ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง โ€“ ืจื‘ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ:

"ืฉื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืฆื™ืฆื™" = ืื™ืœืฆื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช

ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืขืœ ืื“ื ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื•ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืœืœื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื™ืกื˜ื ื™ืก ืขื ืžื™ื“ืช ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื›ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืคืจื™ ื•ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ.


ืขืœ ืž"ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคื–ืžื•ื ื•ืช: ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื":

ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื‘ืกื›"ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื. ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ืชื’ืื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื—ื™ื“ืฉ โ€“ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช. ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ.


"ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื":

ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื• โ€“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ืงื•ื™. ืžืœื’ืœื’ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• egghead ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืฆื”, ื•ื’ื ืจื•ืžื– ืœืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืชื’ื ืืฆืœ ื—ื–"ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื™ืคื ืฉืื•ืžืจ "ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ืฉืจื”" โ€“ ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ืฉืจ.


ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœืื™ื’ืจืช:

ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืžืฉื‘ื— ืืช ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืจื›ื ืขืœ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื• ืฉืœื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืคืจื•ื–ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื. ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ืืš ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง. ื•ื™ืขื™ื“ ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืชืขืฉืข ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืง"ื‘ โ€“ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืงื•ืง, ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง.


ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื”:

ื”ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ . ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื• โ€“ ืœื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื ื›ืžื•ืช. ืฉื™ ื“ืœ.


ืขืœ ื›ืจืš ืฉื™ืจื™ื•:

ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืฆืžื“ ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืื“ื ืคืฉื•ื˜. ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื“ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.


ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ:

ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ ืžื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœื”ืฆื˜ื ืข ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•-ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื›"ื– ื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ื ืกืชื—ืคื” ืฉื“ื”ื•. ืœื ื ื’ืจื ืœื• ื ื–ืง ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืงื ื•, ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืคืจื™ื• ื”ื“ืœ (ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•).

ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืงืจื ืœื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง "ื”ืžื•ืจื”", ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง.


ื”ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื”ืคืจื™ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง. ื›ืฉื ืฉืจืฃ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง: ื—ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉืจืคื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœืš, ื•ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ื™ืฆืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ืก, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื•, ื•ืงืจื ืœื• "ื’ื–ืœืŸ" (ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืž"ื’ื–ืœืŸ" ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช). ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืขืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืืš ืžืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื ืจืชืข ืžืคื ื™ื• ื•ืžื™ืขื˜ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืืชื•.


ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ืื“ ื”ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’:

ืื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื‘ืื“ ื”ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’. ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื•ืขืจืช ื•ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืขื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื•ื™ืคื” ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืงื•ื“ื. ื”ื•ื ืฆืขืง ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื›ืจื™ื• ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื‘ืื“ ื”ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ (ื’ืœื™ืงืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืฆืงื™, ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื) ื•ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ ืžื›ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ. ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ืงื•ืœื•, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื ื™ืฆืœื•.


"ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื•ืช":

ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืืจืฆื” ื ื™ืกื” ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ (ืฉืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ื’ื ื•ื– "ืจืฉืžื™ ื“ืจืš" ืž-1919). ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกืคืจื™ "ื”ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื ื ืจืื• ื‘ืืจืฅ" ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื‘ืืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื", ืฉื”ื’ื‘' ืจื—ืœื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืœืžืŸ-ืฉื•ืงืŸ ื”ื•ืื™ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื™ ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืกื•. ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื™ืคื”, ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง. ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืคื—ื•ืช.


ื‘ื"ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืงื˜ืขื™ ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืจื–ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืงืืžื” ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ "ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื›ืœื”" (ืฉื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื• ื ื“ืคืก ื‘-1931) ื•ื’ื ื‘"ืชืžื•ืœ ืฉืœืฉื•ื" ืž-1945. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืœื™ื•ืกื™ ื“ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืœื‘ืขืœืช ืžืœื•ืŸ ื“ืŸ โ€“ ืงื˜ื” ื“ืŸ. ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ื– ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื ืช ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ืœืคืจื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ.


ืžืฉืžืข, ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืžืข ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืืขืค"ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืœืžื“ ืžื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืžื ื•. ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืง ืืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื. ื‘"ืชืžื•ืœ ืฉืœืฉื•ื" ืฉืžืชืืจ ืืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืง ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื”"ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ืกืขื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ โ€“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื•ื›ืฉืชื™ืืจ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจื”" ืืช ื˜ืงืก ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ืงืก โ€“ ืืช ื ืื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืœื ืœืžื“ ืžืžื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ.


ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื”ื™?:

ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื™ื ื’ืฉื ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ืขืœ ืฉื“ื” ื–ืจื•ืข. ืชืœื•ื™ ืžื” ื–ืจื•ืข ื‘ืฉื“ื”. ืจืง ื”ืžืจืฆืคืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช. ืชื•ืจื™ื“ ื’ืฉื ืขืœ ื‘ืœื˜ื”, ืื• ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืืกืคืœื˜ โ€“ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืฆืžื— ืฉื.


ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื—ืฉืฃ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื ื•ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื: ื™ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”, ืžื ื“ืœื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื•ืื—ื“-ื”ืขื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช "ืฉื™ืจืชื•" (ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืงืจื "ืฉื™ืจื”") ืžืืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ืืžืจ ื–ืืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชืขืžืง ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื’ืœื” ืฉื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืœืžื›ื‘ื™ืจ.

ืื– ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืžื™ ื’ืจื ืœื ืชืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืš:

  • ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืืช ื”ื ืชืง ื™ื–ื ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื–ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื–ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ืžืžื ื•.

  • ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืงื•ื“ื ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• โ€“ ื•ืœื ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืงืจื ืœื• "ื”ืžื•ืจื”", ืืš ืื—"ื› ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืžื“ ืžืื™ืฉ. ืœืืฉืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ืคืขื ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืœื‘: ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง.

  • ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื›ืขืก ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืขืœ ืฉืจืคืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื‘ืื“ ื”ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’.

  • ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืžืŸ ืฉืงื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘-20 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืกื›ื•ื ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ. ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืคื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื“ืžื™ ืชื™ื•ื•ืš, ื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืจืขื”ื• โ€“ ื”ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืงืื™ ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืžืชืช-ื™ื“ื•.

  • ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื™ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืืช ืคืจืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื—ื•ืœืง ื‘-1934. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœื” "ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื", ืฉื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืœื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืจืฆื”, ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื’ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ืืกืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืฆื˜ืœื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ื—ื ื ื™ื”, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœื ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืชืช ืœืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืจืก, ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื• ื›ืขืก ืจื‘ ื•ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืขืžื•ืงื”.

  • ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ื’ืจืžื• ื’ื ื”ื ืœืงืจื, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจืข ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืœื ื—ืฉืคืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ืืœื ืืช ืžืงืฆืชืŸ, ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื•. ืืœืžืœื ื”ืงืจืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœื—ืœืฅ ืžืฉื•ืงืŸ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื‘ืŸ-ืขื–ืจื ื•ืื‘ืŸ-ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ืกืคืจื™ื•, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ื”ื ื” ื•ื›ื”ื ื”.

ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ:

ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ "ืฉื™ืจื”" ืฉื–ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืžืจื•ืžื–ื•ืช, ื‘ึผึดื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ื‘ื’ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ืืš ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื• ืžืฉื•ื-ืžื” ืœื ื ืชื ื• ื“ืขืชื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. ืืžื ื ืจื•ึผื‘ึผึธืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ืคื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ึผึดื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืคื™ื• ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืช "ืœื ืืžืจืชื™". ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™-ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืจื—ื‘-ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื” ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืืžื™ืจื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ืช ืขืœ "ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™" ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ืฉืชืคืจื™ืš ืื• ืชืจื›ืš, ื•ืœื•ึผ ื‘ืžืขื˜, ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืงืฆื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื•. ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื ื˜ื•ื•ืชื” ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื”; ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืฉืจ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืึถื ื™ื’ืžื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืจื•ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื•ื›ึทื— ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ึผืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ึผืชื‘ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื’ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืœึดื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ื•ืžึดื’ื“ื ื•ืช.


ืืช ืคืกื’ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ึดืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืื•ึนืจ ื ืœืขื’ ื•ื‘ืืกืคืงืœืจื™ื” ืžืขื•ืงืžืช ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื›ึผึตื ื•ืช, ืฉื–ื™ื•ึผืคึธืŸ ื ื™ื›ึผึธืจ ืžืชื•ื›ึธืŸ; ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืฉื›ึผืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ืฉืคึผื™ืข ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืœืœ; ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื”ึดืฆื™ื’ ื›ืกืคืจ ืœืงื•ื™, ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ืคื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื“; ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื›ืกืคืจ ืคืกื•ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœืžื“ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืจึทื‘ึผื•ึผ ื”ืจืึธื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœื’ื“ื•ึผืœืชื•, ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื•ืงืขืช ืืฆืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืืชืจ ื•ืืชืจ. ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจื•ืช ืื ืกื” ืœื—ืœืฅ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื•. ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ืฉื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจื ื•" ืื•ืžืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจ-ื”ืคืœื•ื’ืชื ืฉืœื• "ืฉื•ื ื ืื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื’ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื ืื”". ืื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืืฉืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื‚ึดื ืื” ืื›ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืงื” ืœืฉื•ื ื ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœืฉื‚ึฐื ื•ึผื-ื ืคืฉื•.


ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืฆื•ืคื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื ืขืžื™ื. ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจืึธื™ื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช: ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืึธื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ึนืงื•ึผืžื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืืœ ืžืขืžึทืงื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœืฅ ืžึดืฉึผืึธื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคึผึธืจืฉื” ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื•ืช ืœื” ื ืคื— ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืื›ืŸ ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื—ืœืงื ื ื›ืชื‘ "ืขื ื”ืคึผึธื ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื”".


ื ืžืœืืชื™ ืฆืขืจ ืขืœ ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืืช ืฆึดื“ื• ื”ื ืกืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉืืช ืฆึดื“ื• ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ืืจ ื”ืืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ โ€“ ืฉ"ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช (2011), ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื (2013) ื•ืฉื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” (2016). ื•ืื•ืœื, ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ึถืžื“ืช ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืึดืžื• ืืกืชืจืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื“ื•ึนืงื•ึผืžื ื˜ืจื™ "ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœึดื ึฐื•ึทืช ื‘ื™ืชื•"); ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืŸ, ื”ื—ื•ืชื ืืช ืกืคืจื™; ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื’ื•ึนืฆึถื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืขืœ ืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืคืจื–ืช ืฉืœื• ืืฆืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืจื‘ืช-ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืฆืœืœื™ื” ื”ืขื™ื‘ื• ืœื ืคืขื ืขืœ ืื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”.


ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื ืžื ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืขื ืขื ืงื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืฉืžื•ืจ ืœื• ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ืืš ืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœื•, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืฉืึตื ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื ืขื” ืžืžื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ื ื›ื•ื—ื” ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™-ื—ืœื•ืฃ. ื”ืžึดืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืฉื™ึธื›ื•ึนืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ืคืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืกืคืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื "ื”ืžื—ื“ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”", ืื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืกืคืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืฉืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื— ื ืคืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื’ืจืžื• ืœืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืคืกื“ ืขืฆื•ื.


ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืคืš: ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืกื™ืคืงื• ืœื• ืืช ื”"ื“ืœืง" ื•ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ื” ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืึถืœ ืชื•ื›ื” ืฉืงืข ื‘ื›ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ืงึดื ึฐืึทืช ืกื•ึนืคึฐืจึดื™ื ืชึผึทืจึฐื‘ึผึถื” ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื”" (ื‘"ื‘ ื›ื ื). ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืจื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืืช "ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช" ืฉืœื• ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืœื ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ "ืžึทื™ื™ืกื˜ืจ" ื’ื“ื•ืœ?! ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืชื™ืฉืืจ ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—.


ื‘ืจื’ืข ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืœื‘ ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื” ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ื•ืกื™ืคึผืจ ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง. "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืกืฃ", ืืžืจ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, "ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืืฉื™ื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•"1 ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื™ืกื•ืคืจ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื”ึผ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ึผืช ืฉื ึดื˜ื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืขึฒื ื•ึนืช ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื™ ื™ืฆืจ ื ืกืชืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ื‘ืจื•ึผื‘ึผื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืคืฉ ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืืš ืžืฆืื• ื›ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืคื•ืจืงื ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื. ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ึผืช ื–ื•, ืฉืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื–ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคึผื—ื”ึผ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืชื”ื“ืงื” ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1922 โ€“ 1923 ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืขืจื›ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื™ื˜ ื•ื”ืžืจื—ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืื“ ื”ื•ึนืžื‘ึผื•ึผืจื’ (ืฉืืœื™ื” ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ืขืฆืช ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ) ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉื—ืฆื• ืœื ืคืขื ืืช ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœ ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœืขืจื›ึผื”ึผ.


ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืงื˜ ื ื’ื“ื•, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื“ื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืื™ืช ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื—ื‘ื ื•ื”ึถืกืชืจ. ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ึผึดื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง "ืฆื™ื˜ื˜" ืžืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžื” ืฉืึดืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ "ืœื ืืžืจืชื™", ืืฃ ืœืฉืึทื ื•ืช ืžึดืคึผึทืขื ืœืคืขื ื›ื™ื•ื•ึผืŸ ื•ืขึถืžื“ื”. ืžืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœึดื–ื›ึผื•ืช ื‘ืื”ื“ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื ืื™ ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื•. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืฉื”ึดืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœืžื”-ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1927 ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื ืื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื ื™ืงื•ึน ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœืื—ื“ื™ื ืžึดืกื•ืคืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ื™ื ืœืœื—ื, ืœื ื”ืชื—ืžืง ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื•, ื•ืฉื™ืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœืžื”-ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื•ืงืŸ ื›ืฉื ืฉื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืœึดืคืจืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืฉื—ื•ึผืœืง ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ึธื–ืžืช ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื“ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ืืฆืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื• ื›ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืžืฆื“ื“ ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ืžึทืฆื™ื‘ื ืขืœ ื›ึผึทืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.


ืื’ื‘, ื™ึธื–ืžื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื”-ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื•ืงืŸ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ึผื•ึผืขื” ืฉื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื•, ื•ื›ืคืชื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ึผืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื• ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉืื•ึผืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคึผึฐืขื™ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉืึฐืœื™ื—-ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืขืฉื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช, ืœืžืขืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืขื ื›ื•ืœื•. ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ึดื“ื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืคืจืกื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืฉื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืžื˜ึทืคึผื—ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ืžืขื•ืœื ืืฃ ืœื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžื–ืžื ื• ื•ืžึดืžืจืฆื• ืœืขืจื™ื›ืชื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™-ืขืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืึถื—ื™ื• ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื (ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืืกืฃ ื›ื ืกืช, ืฉืื•ืชื• ืขืจืš ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ื›ืกืคื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืขืจืš ืœืืžึดืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคื™ืฉืœ ืœื—ื•ื‘ืจ). ืœืฉืืœืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ ืื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืขื ื” ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ: "ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืื’ื™ื“ ื•ืœื ืื›ื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื”".


ื—ืจืฃ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืœื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ืื“ ื”ื•ึนืžื‘ึผื•ึผืจื’, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื”ึผ ืœื ื–ื–ื” ื™ื“ื• ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืคืจืฉื ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื• ืขื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืกื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืžื ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื ื•ืคื• ืจื—ื‘-ื”ืคึผึนืืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื”ื•, ืฉืžืชื—ืชื™ื• ืฆืžื—ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ืœืœื ืžื—ืกื” ื•ืกื•ื›ืš, ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ืฃ. ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ืฉื ืช 1924, ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืขื–ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืฉื‚ึธืžื• ืคื ื™ื”ื ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ืคืจื“ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื”ื, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ึผืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื•ืžื•ืจื”-ื“ืจืš.


ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื ืชืจื—ืงื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืช"ืง ืคืจืกื” ืื™ืฉ ืžืจืขื”ื•: ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ื—ืจ ืœึดื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื™ึทืžื™ื, ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื• ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื• (ืื—ื“-ื”ืขื, ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ, ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ืขื•ื“) ืืช ืื•ื“ืกื”; ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื"ื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง, ืžื–ื”, ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”"ื™ึถืงื™ื" ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืืช ื—ืœืงื ื”ึดื›ึผื™ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืžื–ื”. ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ืคืฆื™ืจ ืืžื ื ื‘ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืงืจื•ึน ืžึดืคึผืขื ืœืคืขื ื•ืœืœื•ึผืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืžืช ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืืš ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ืฉืขื” ืœื”ื–ืžื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจืขื”ื•. ืœืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืจืขึตื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืกืชื•ืคืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ืœืกืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืคึผึดืงืคึผึตืง ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™-ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื-ื ื—ืžืŸ ื•ืžืื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชืืจื— ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื‘ืคื™ื ืชื•.


ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืงึธื˜ึธืœื™ื–ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžึทื”ึฒืœื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” โ€“ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื’ื ืช ืžืžื ื• โ€“ ื”ืชื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื—ืชื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืฉืคืš ืืช ืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน ืœืคื ื™ ืื•ืชื ืžื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉื—ืฉื“ื• ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื•ืžื•ืจื”ื• ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืฉืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืกื•ื“ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืจืขื”ื• ื“ื‘ ืกื“ืŸ, ืฉื”ืจื™ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื›ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ื“ื•. ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืกื’ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืืœื ืœืขึดืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ึผึดื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื’ื ื‘ื ืื•ืžื™ื• ืฉื ืืกืคื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืขืฆืžื™ ืืœ ืขืฆืžื™ (ืชืฉืœ"ื•) ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืคึผึธืจืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ืขืคืช ื•ืจื‘ืช-ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง. ืœืืžึดืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื ืื—ืช ืฉืชื™ืงื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื’ึทืœื•ืช ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.


ืื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื›ืŸ: ืืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ื‘ืืžื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฅ-ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืขึดืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฉื‚ื•ึผืจื” ื‘ื ืื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื”ึธ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื ืคื”, ืฉื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ึผืช ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ื“ื•ึนืงื•ึผืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ึดืจืฉื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืฉ"ื™ึตืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืฉื›ื•ืœ ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ืคื•ืฉืงื™ืŸ [...] ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืฉื›ึผื•ึผืœื• ืžืงื•ืจื™".


ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืžืชื’ืœื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืืžืจ ื•ืœื ื›ืชื‘; ืงืจื™, ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ "ืงืจื—ื•ืช ื™ืขืจ" ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื• ื‘ื”ึถืกึผึทื— ื”ื“ืขืช. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืชื™ืืจ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจึธื˜ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ืชืžื•ืœ ืฉืœืฉื•ื (1945) ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1908 โ€“ 1909, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื• ื›ืœ ื—ืจื–ืŸ ื ื™ื“ื— ื•ื›ืœ ืคื–ืžื•ื ืื™ ื ืฉื›ื— ืžื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื—ื™ื• ื•ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืืฃ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืžื”ื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ืฉืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ืืš "ืฉื›ื—" ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• "ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืจื•ืขืžืช" ื”ืื•ืžืจืช "ื“ึผึธืจืฉื ื™!". ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-1945 ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• "ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ" (1940) ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื” (ื”ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ืชืฉืจื™" ืžืฉื ืช 1911) ืืš ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืื™ื•ืช, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืจืžื– ืขื‘ื” ื›ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื“ ื‘ึผึดื’ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืžืคื™ื—ื™ื ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื ื” ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืขื– ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืืš ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืชื ื”ื ื•ื— ืฉื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื”.


ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื”, ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ (ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™) ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ" ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื "ืชืฉืจื™", ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื ื–ื›ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ืชืžื•ืœ ืฉืœืฉื•ื, ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช (ืขืž' 111, 155). ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉื ืช 1909 โ€“ ืฉื ืช ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ โ€“ ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืชืžื•ืœ ืฉืœืฉื•ื ื ืฉืžื˜ ืคืจื˜ ืื—ื“ "ื–ืขื™ืจ": ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉื”ืกืขื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืœืงื˜ ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืืš "ืžึดืฉื•ื-ืžื”" ื”ื•ื ื ืžื—ืง ื›ึผึธืœึดื™ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืคึผึธื ื•ืจืžื™ ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.


ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืึดืชื• ื ืžื—ืงื• ื’ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉื ื›ืจื›ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœึนื ื”ื™ื•. ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืœึทื•ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืืš ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืงื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืืœื”, ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ืŸ.


ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ" ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืชืžื•ืœ ืฉืœืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ืขื“ื•ึผืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื–ึดื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืืฆืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฅ-ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ื”, ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืจื”, ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืกื•ื ืชืžื•ืœ ืฉืœืฉื•ื, ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื (1925), ืืš ื›ืืŸ ืฉื›ื— ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ "ืžึดืฉื•ื-ืžื”" ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื ืื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ืงืก. ื ืื•ื ื–ื” ืคืจืฉื‚ ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ึผืช ื”ืื—ื“-ื”ืขืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ืจื•ื—ื”ึผ ื”ื•ืงื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ืฉื›ึผึตืŸ ืื—ื“-ื”ืขื ืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื—ืžืช ืžื—ืœืชื• ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื”. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื“ืคึผื™ ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื˜ืžื ื• ื—ึดืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉื—ื–ื• ื•ื›ื•ึผื•ื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง โ€“ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• โ€“ ืืฃ ืฉืึดื›ื—ื” ื–ื• ืื•ืžืจืช "ื“ึผึธืจืฉื ื™!". ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉื›ึผื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื›ื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ื‘ืžืจื›ืื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ืŸ, ืฉืื•ืชื ื ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœืฃ ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืขืจืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืžื•ืจื”ื• ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื ืชืขืžืขึฒืžื” ืžึดืฉึผืึธื ื” ืœืฉื ื”, ื•ืคื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ืœื˜ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื’ื‘ืจื” ืžึดืฉึผืึธื ื” ืœืฉื ื”. ื ื™ื›ึผืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ืฉื˜ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ ืœืžื•ืจื”ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื•, ืืฃ ืœึดื–ืจื•ืช ืืช ืงึดืจืขื™ื”ื ืœื›ืœ ืจื•ื—.


ื‘ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืœึธืงื•ึผื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ืคืœื™ื ื•ืงืœื™ ืขืจืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืžื˜ ื‘ืืงืจืื™ ืžื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ. ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืŸ ื ืื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื, ื•ืืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืœื• ื ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ืชืžื•ืœ ืฉืœืฉื•ื ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื•ืื•ืœื, ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ืืฃ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืื• ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืืช ืฆืขืจื• ืื• ืืช ืชื“ื”ืžืชื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืืฃ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ืจื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื, ื•ืกืคืง ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ืื ื˜ืจื— ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ื–ื•, ืฉื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืงื”ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืจื‘ โ€“ ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื•ืืช ื”ืžึดืกืคึผึตื“ ื”ื“ืœ ื•ื”ื“ืœื™ืœ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื•, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœืฉืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืฉื ืžืขื•ืœื. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ื•ืžืฆื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื”ื. ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ื ึดืฉื ึถื” ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ึผืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืืœ ื–ึดื›ืจื•, ื•ื–ืืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืื—ืช ืงืฆืจื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” โ€“ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžืืžืฅ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ึผื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.


ื•ืืฃ ื–ืืช: ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืžืจ ืžื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื•ืœื ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืื”ื“ื” ืื• ื”ืกื›ืžื”.


ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืฉื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืฉืจืช ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืืœื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง. ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื–'ื ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™-ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืืš ื ื–ื ื—ื” ืœืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข-ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขืงืœืงืœื•ืช โ€“ ื•ื”ืคืขื ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืจื™ืงืจื˜ (Rรผckert). ืจื™ืงืจื˜ (1788 โ€“ 1866), ืฉืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ืชืจื’ื ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืืœื—ืจื™ืจื™ ืžื‘ืฆืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืืŸ ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื• Hariris Makamen (1826). ืœืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืงืจื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ืจื– ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช-ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื•ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื—ืฉ ืฉื›ึผึธืฉืจื” ื”ืฉืขื” "ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผึดืœืขึธื ืžืคื™ื”ื" ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืขื˜ืจื” ืœื™ื•ืฉื ื”.7


ืชื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื•ึนืจื–ื•ืช ืฉื‚ึธืจื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืจึทื— ืคืœื โ€“ ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžืคื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืืช ื”ื“ืœึตืงื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืคึผืจืฆื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืื“ ื”ื•ึนืžื‘ึผื•ึผืจื’ ื‘ื™ื•ื 6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1924, ื•ื›ื™ืœืชื” ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื• ื•ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™-ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื”ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ืฉื›ึผืชื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจึตืขื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืฆื•ืคื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื™-ื—ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื—ืฉื‚ื•ึผืš ื”ื‘ึผึธื ื™ื ื”ืชืขื ื’ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ื‘ืŸ ืื• ื›ืื— ืฆืขื™ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืžื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื• ื”ืคื ื•ืžื ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจืขื”ื•, ืืฃ ื ืขื–ืจ ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืื—ืช ื‘ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื™ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืฆื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืคืงืชื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ึผืงื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1923, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจ: "ื•ื‘ืจื›ื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื•ืžื›ื•ืคืœืช ืœืš, ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ืขืงื‘ ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื”ืœื›ืช ืœืคื ื™ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืชื—ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืขื–ืจืชื ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™". ืืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืืฉืจ ื”ึดืจื‘ึผื” ืœื”ืจืขื™ืฃ ืžื—ืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื• ืขื“ ืฉื›ึผึดื™ื ื•ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช "ืฉื‚ึทืจ ื”ืžึทืกื›ึผึดื™ื" (ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืึถืคึผึดื™ืชื˜ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ "ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื") ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืืช ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืœืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ึผืชื‘ื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืœืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ื™ืคืจืกืžื• ืืช ืฉืžื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืข ืืช ื”ืžื—ืžืื•ืช ื›ื ืชื—ื™ ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ืžืื”: ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื“ืข ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื”ื•ืงื™ืจ ืืช ื›ึผึดืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•. ืจืง ืœืขึดืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ึดื›ึผื™ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช.


ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืžื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 1922, ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืฆื” ืขื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื™ื˜ ื‘ืื“ ื”ื•ึนืžื‘ึผื•ึผืจื’, ื ื™ื›ึผืจ ืฉื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื”ืœืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ืžืฉืžื—ื” ืขืœ ืฉืžืืžืฆื™ื• ืœืงึธืจื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืขืœื• ื™ืคื” ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืจืชื” ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื’ืจ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1922 ืœืจืขื”ื• ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ึผื‘ึผึถืจ, ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื›ืžืชื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช ื™ืงืจื” ืฉื ืชื’ืœื’ืœื” ืœื™ื“ื™ื•.9 ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืœื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืคืชื— ื‘ืคื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ "ืื“ื•ื ื ื•" ("ืžืจืŸ") ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืคื ื” ืืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืืจ "ื”ืžื•ืจื”".


ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ืงืฉืจื™ ืงืฉืจื™ื" ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ืฅ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืžื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืช ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ("ืฉืžื•ืืœ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ") ืขื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ึดืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื™"ื— (ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ืฅ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืžื“ื™ืŸ).


ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ photo-montage ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืืช ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœืขึดืชื™ื ืžื–ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื ึทืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง. ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื ึดืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื (1935) ืชื™ืืจ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืช ืื’ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื—ื ื ื™ื”, ืฉื›ืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื” ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ึผึธื‘ื•ึผืืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืชื—ืคื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื—ืจ ืžืกืขื”ึผ ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ("ื”ื ืœื‘ึผึธื‘ื™ื"), ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืชย  ืžื‘ื•ืฆ'ืืฅ' ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืื—ืจ ืชื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืกืขืจื•ืช ืœื ืžืœ ื™ืคื•. ื—ื ื ื™ื”, ื“ืžื•ืช ืคึผึดืœืื™ืช ืฉื”ืกืชืคึผื—ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืžืชื’ืœื” ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžึดื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ื•ืžึดืœื™ื“ื”, ื”ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืกืข ืœื™ืžื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื•ื ืขื™ืžื™ื. ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืกืข ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ึผื‘ื” ื•ื ื—ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื ืขืœื ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข, ืœืžื’ึดื ืช ืœึดื‘ึผื ืฉืœ "ื”ื ืœื‘ื‘ื™ื", ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ื•ื—ืฉืึธื‘ื•ื”ื• ื›ืžืช ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืฉืฉื˜ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžึดื˜ืคึผื—ืช ืื™ืจืข ื ืก "ืงืคื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš", ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื. ืืžื ื ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ื ืœื‘ึผื‘ื™ื" ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืื“ื ืฉืฉืžื• "ืฉืžื•ืืœ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืœื•ื™", ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืืกืชืจ ืื™ื ื ืืœื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ืคื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ืืœื ืฉื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืฉืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืืœื ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื•ืฉืื›ึผืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช โ€“ย  ืœื ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ย  ื”ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ึถืขื˜ื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืกื›ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืื’ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช: ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืœืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื•ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืžื‘ึผื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืขื’ื ื•ืŸ "ืฉืชืœ" ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉื ื‘ืชื—ืคื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืจืš ืœื”ื "ื ืฉืฃ ืžืกื›ื•ืช". ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื•, ืฉืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ึดื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ "ืคืจืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง", ืฉื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืงืจืฅ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืก, ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ึนืช. ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง (ื—"ืŸ) ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื ื ื™ื”, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืกืžืžื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื•ืกื™ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืฉืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืื•ืชื ื ืคืจื˜ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™.


ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ ื›ืืœื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ "ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื", ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื™ื™ื—ื“ ืœื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ "ื›ึผื•ึนื™" ("ื›ึผื•ึนื™" = ื—ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœืื™ื™ื, ืกืคืง ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืืŸ ืกืคืง ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืงืจ; ื•ืจืื•: ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืค ืข"ื). ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ึดื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœื•, ื—ืกื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“-ื”ืขื, ื•ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืž"ื™ ื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื‘ืกืงื™, ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“-ื”ืขื, ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื™-ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื™ืจื• "ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“", ื•ื›ืš ื ื”ื’ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• "ืจื–ื™ ืœื™ืœื”" ืฉื‘ึผื•ึน ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื›ื–ื™ืงื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• "ืื‘ื™" ื”ึดื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœื•, ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ืขืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื•, ืขื ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ืขื™ื›ืชื• ื•ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืžึดื™ ื™ืžื™ื•. ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• "ื“ื‘ืจ" ื”ึดื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœื• ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื•ืื—ื“-ื”ืขื. ืžื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœืจืขื”ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”-photo-montage.


ืขืœ ืจ' ื™ื•ื“ื™ืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื›ืœื” ื›ื™ "ื–ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”", ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืช ("ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœื‘"), ื•ื”ื—ืจื”-ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืฉื›ื ืชื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘"ืฉื™ืจ- ื”ืขื" ืฉืœื• "ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื•". ื•ื›ืืŸ, ืคืœื•ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืžื˜ื™ื—ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื”, ืฉื›ึผึตืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืจืื•ืช ืคื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉ"ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืช, ื ืื•ืช ื•ื—ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื• ื•ืฉืขืจืŸ ืฆื™ืžื—, ื•ื‘ืœึดื‘ืŸ, ืื”ื”, ื”ื™ึผึธื’ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจื—, ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœื• ื™ืžื™ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื—ืจืคืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื”ืŸ"; ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืจืง ืื•ืžืจืช ืคืจื•ืžื™ื˜ ืœื‘ืขืœื” ืจ' ื™ื•ื“ื™ืœ ื—ืกื™ื“: "ื‘ื•ื ื•ืจืื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืชืจืคืงื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื“ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื™ ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืœื•ืฉืชืŸ ื’ืœืžื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ืชืŸ, ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื—ืจืคืชืŸ". (ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื›ืœื”, ืขืž' 8).


ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ึดืจื‘ึผื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœื›ึทื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืžื•ืจื”". ื‘ืคืชื— ืกืคืจื• ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืจืฉื ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ "ืฉ"ื™ ืœืžื•ืจื”", ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืชืขืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืœ-ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ "ืฉื™" (ืžืชื ื”) ื•"ืฉ"ื™" (ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ). ื›ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืืœื™ื• ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจ, ื•ื‘ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืจืฉื: "ืฉ"ื™ ืœืžื•ืจื” ื›ื“ืช ื•ื›ื—ื•ืงื”", ื›ืฉื ืชืคืจืกื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ืคืช ืฉืœึตืžื”" ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื–ื ื™ื ืžื™ื ื•ืืจ 1933 ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื‘ื™ืจื›ื• ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืฉื™ ืœืžื•ืจื” [...] ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉื™ืจืช / ืืœ ื—ื™". ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืฉืขืฉื” ืชื—ืช ืขื™ื ื• ื”ืคืงื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ืœืžื“ ืžื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื“ื‘ืจ. ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ "ืžืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืื•ื™ื‘: ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืจื”ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง" (2017) ื•"ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ ื”ืื‘: ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืกืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง" (2020).


ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ยฉย 
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