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    • 8 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2022

ืžื” ื–ืืช ืื”ื‘ื”?

ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ: 14 ื‘ืžืื™ 2022

ืขืœ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ "ืึทื™ึผึธื”" ืžืืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ


ืคื•ืจืกื: ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจ (ื”ืžื•ื–ื” ืงืœืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื: ืขืœ ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ) , ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ 1728 , 07/03/2022


ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจ 1728
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ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืงืฆืจ ื•ื”ืงึดืฆื‘ื™ "ืึทื™ึผึธื”" ื›ืชื‘ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ื”ืœื—ืŸ: ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื–ืขื™ืจื) ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”"ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘", ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื‘ืคืจื˜. ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืฉื” ืืœืฃ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื•ืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื“ืื– โ€“ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื–: "ื ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ, ื•ื ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ืŸ".


ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜, ืฉื ื–ื”ืจื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืœื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื•ืกื ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ืื”ึผ. ืžืžืฉืœืชื” ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืžืชื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื"ื™, ืื• ืœืขื ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ื”ื ืกืžืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ-ืœื‘ืŸ.


ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืื• ื”ื—ื™"ืœ (ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื•ื—ืžืช), ืฉื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื” ื ืฉืื• ื‘ืชื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืืช ืกืžืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื”, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืจืง ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1944, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœื ื•ืจืžื ื“ื™ื”, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื•ืจืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื ื—ืจืฅ (ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื ืชืคื•ื’ื’ ื—ืฉืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื ืคืŸ ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช). ืจืง ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืืคื•ื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ "ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”-ื"ื™".


ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืคื•ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื 'ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ'; ืืš ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืžื–ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ื ื”ื ื• ืžืชื›ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ืฉืžืฆื ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื:

โ€‹ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืขื•ึนืœ ื”ึธืจึธืฅ ื”ึทื’ึผึทื™ึฐืึธื” ืจึฐืึดื™ื ื•ึผื”ึธ, ื™ึฐื“ึดื™ื“ึทื™, ื‘ึผึทืžึผื•ึนืฉืึธื‘ ืงึธืจึฐืื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึผ ืึทื™ึผึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึทื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึผื“ ืงื•ึนืจึฐืึดื™ื ืœึธื”ึผ ืึทื™. ืึทื™, ืึทื™, ืึทื™ึผึธื”, ืึทื™ ืึทื™, ื™ึธืคึดื™ืช ื‘ึผึฐืฆึทืžึผื•ึนืชึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื”ึทืงึผึฐืœื•ึผืขื•ึนืช ืœึธืšึฐ ืœึฐืจึนืืฉืึตืšึฐ ืึทื™, ืึทื™, ืึทื™, ืึทื™ึผึธื”, ืึทื™ โ€“ ืึทื™, ื”ึทืœึผึตื‘ ืžื•ึนืฉืึตืšึฐ ืึตืœึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทืœึผึตื‘ ื–ื•ึนื›ึตืจ "ื™ึทื-ืฉืึตื™ืšึฐ"!

โ€‹ื‘ึผึทืžึผึถืจึฐื—ึธืง, ื‘ึผึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืึดื’ึผึถืจึถืช ืขึตืช ืขึดื ืœึทื™ึดืœ ื ึธื— ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึผื“ ืœึฐื›ึปืœึผึธื ื•ึผ ืึทืชึผึฐ ื ึดื–ึฐื›ึผึถืจึถืช ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืึดื™ืฉื ืœื•ึนื—ึตืฉื ืœึฐื—ื•ึผื“: ืึทื™, ืึทื™, ืึทื™ึผึธื”, ืึทื™ ืึดื™ืฉืื•ึนื ึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื–ึทื™ึดืช ื•ึผื‘ึธืจื•ึผื—ึท ืฉื‚ึดืžึฐืœึธืชึตืšึฐ ืึทื™, ืึทื™, ืึทื™, ืึทื™ึผึธื”, ืึทื™ โ€“ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื–ื•ึนื›ึฐืจึดื™ื ืฉื‚ึธื“ึถื” ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึดืช ื•ึฐืงื•ึนืจึฐืึดื™ื ืœึธื–ึถื” ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืžึตืšึฐ.

โ€‹ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึตื ื•ึผ, ืึทื™ึผึธื”, ืึทื™ึผึธื” ืชึผึดื‘ึฐื—ึฒืจึดื™ ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึผึธื—ึดื™ื“ ื•ึทืึฒื ึทื—ึฐื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึท"ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจึทื™ึผึธื”" ื ึฐื‘ึธืจึฐื›ึตืšึฐ ื•ึฐื›ึนื” ื ึทื’ึผึดื™ื“: ืึทื™, ืึทื™, ืึทื™ึผึธื”, ืึทื™ ืœึนื ื ึดืฉืึฐืึทืœ ืื•ึนืชึธืšึฐ ืžึทื“ึผื•ึผืขึท ืจึทืง ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื‘ึผึธื—ึทืจ ืœึดื‘ึผึตืšึฐ ืึทื™, ืึทื™, ืึทื™, ืึทื™ึผึธื”, ืึทื™ โ€“ ื–ึถื” ืขึธืฆื•ึผื‘, ืึทืšึฐ ื–ึถื” ื™ึธื“ื•ึผืขึท โ€“ ื–ื•ึน ื”ึดื™ื ืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื”, "ื™ึทื-ืฉืึตื™ืšึฐ"!

ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจ (ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจ, ื’ื™ืœ' 118, ืžื™ื•ื 23.2.2006) ืชื™ืืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, ื—ื•ืงืจื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ึถืžืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืืช "ืึทื™ึผึธื”" ื›ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ "ืœื ืขืจื” ืงืœื•ืขืช ืฆืžื•ืช, ื‘ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืžืชื’ืขื’ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื” ืžืžืจื—ืงื™ื, ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื ื‘ื ึตื›ืจ". ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืืœื” ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฉ"ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืชื• [ืืช ื”ืฉื "ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ"] ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื•ืจื™, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื ื™ื˜ืฉ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืคืฉืจื” ืฉื™ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื” (ื"ื™), ื•ืขืœ ื”ื"ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื—ืจื–ื• ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื• ืงื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกึธื˜ื™ืจื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืžืžืฉ ืคืจื—ื” ืื–, ื•ื‘ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื". ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ืฉ"ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ืชืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ 'ืื™ื”'. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืื”ื‘ ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื ืขื ื” ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืืœื™ื•. ืขื ื–ืืช ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื™ืŸ".

โ€ข

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื. ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™-ื›ืŸ, ืึทืจืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœืฆืจืฃ ื›ืืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื, ืฉื›ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ื• ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ืคื. ื’ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืงืœื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ "ื‘ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช", ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชื”ืคื›ื™ื ืœื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.


ื ืคืชื— ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ "ืื™ื”", ื—ืจืฃ ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจ ืจืฆื•ืฃ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกื™ื, ื”ืžืคื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชืœื›ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ืงืœ: ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื‘ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื›ื™ ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ึผืช ื”"ืฆื‘ืจื™ืช" ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”"ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘", ืื ืฉื™ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ืขื ื”ื”ืชื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”"ืžืžื–ืจื™ืช" โ€“ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช โ€“ ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, "ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ืชื™", ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืžืชืจื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืชืœื›ื“ื• ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ืฆื‘ืื™, ื”ืžื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื™ืจื™-ื”ืœื›ืช, ื•ืจื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ืื”ื‘ื” ื—ืœื•ืžื™ ื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ืช.


ื•ืืฃ ื–ืืช, ื”ืฉื ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื ืขื™ื "ืื™ื”", ืฉื ืขื‘ืจื™ "ืฆื‘ืจื™" ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง, ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืฉื ื›ื–ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”), ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืกื’ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช "ืฆื‘ึทึผึธืจื™ื™ื" ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชื—ื›ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• "ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช" (1940), ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ "ืจื’ืขื™ื", ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช "ืจื ื•ื™ืขืœ", ืฉื”ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืžื•ืช ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื”, ืืš ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื–ืœืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆืžื“ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื›ืฉืชืจื’ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืืช ืžื—ื–ื”ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ "ืจื•ืžืื• ื•ื™ื•ืœื™ื”" ื‘ืฉื "ืจื ื•ื™ืขืœ". ื•ื’ื ื”ืฉื ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ "ืื™ื”" ื”ื•ื ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืืกื™ื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช [ุขูŠุฉ], ืฉื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื–ื” 'ื ืก' ืื• 'ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืžืžืจื•ืžื™ื' (ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืงื•ืจืืŸ).


ื”ืื ื™ื“ืข ื–ืืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš? ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช, ืืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”'ืžื ื™ื•ืช "ื™ึทื-ืฉืึตื™ืšึฐ!" ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืžื– ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืขืจื‘ึผื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืคื™ื ื’'ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืืคื™ื™ื” (ืฉื—ื™ื‘ื‘ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• 'ืื”ืœืŸ', 'ืื™ื ืฉืืœืœื”', 'ืื‘ื•-ืืจื‘ืข', 'ืื ื ืขืืจืฃ', 'ื’'ืื‘ืœ', 'ื“ื—ื™ืœืง', 'ืžื‘ึผืกื•ึผื˜', ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ื•ืฉืขืœ). ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉื ื”ืžืงืจืื™ 'ืื™ื”' ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืžืœืจืขื™ืช ('ืจืฆืคื” ื‘ืช ืื™ื”') ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉืžืœืื” ื›ึผื•ึผืœื”ึผ ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ึผืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ืฉืึตื ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืžืœืขื™ืœื™ืช, ื›ื‘ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืชืจืžื ื™, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื”ึผ ื ื•ืขื ื•ืชืฉื•ืงืช ืขืœื•ืžื™ื.


ืื’ื‘, ื”"ืื™ื”" ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ื” ืจื•ืคื™ืŸ (ืœื™ืžื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ), ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืจื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื™ืœื™ื“ืช 1926 (ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื” ืืช ืฉืžื”). ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื "ืื™ื”" (ื•ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื’ื ืืช "ืื™ื” ื”ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ืช" ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจืช ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฆ'ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ึผึดืชื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืž"ื—, ื™ืคื™ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื•ืืจ, ืฉืžื”ื ื™ืจืฉื” ื”ื ืขืจื” ืืช ื”ื’ึถื ื™ื ื”ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”). ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืคืจ ื—ื™ืงื” ืืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืื™ื” = ื"ื™) ื‘ืคื–ืžื•ื ื• "ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข", ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืžื•ื™ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืž"ื—.

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ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื›ึผืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ: ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืกื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื”ืžืชื ื•ืคืคืช ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืขืจืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื—ืฉืงืช. ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืืŸ ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœื, ืฉื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื ืขืจื” ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื”ึธ, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ (ืืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื›ื–ืืช, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ึผื•ึน ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืชืื”ื‘ ื›ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืืช ื–ื›ืจื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื• ืืชื ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ืฆืืชื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™).


ื•ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืคืจื•ืขื™ื ื•"ืžื•ืคืจืขื™ื" ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ื”ื ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช: ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืืŸ ืฉ"ื”ึทืœึผึตื‘ ืžื•ึนืฉืึตืšึฐ ืึตืœึทื™ึดืšึฐ", ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื”ืœื‘ ื ืžืฉืš ืืœื™ืš"? ื•ื”ืจื™ ืืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืขืจื” ืจืฆื” ืืœ ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืขื•ืœ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ืืŸ ื ืืžืจ "ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืขื•ึนืœ ื”ึธืจึธืฅ ื”ึทื’ึผึทื™ึฐืึธื”", ืชื•ืš ื”ืื ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืขื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ื ื™ืงื™ืช ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉืจืฆื” ื‘ื•. ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื ืขืจื” ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”: "ืขึตื™ื ึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื–ึทื™ึดืช" โ€“ ืœืฆื™ื•ึผืŸ ืฆื•ืจืช ืขื™ื ื™ื” ืื• ืฆึดื‘ืขืŸ โ€“ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ืืŸ ื ืืžืจืช ื”ืืžื™ืจื”: "ืึดื™ืฉืื•ึนื ึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื–ึทื™ึดืช" (ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื’ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื ืžื•ืืจืš ื›ื–ื™ืช). ื•ืืฃ ื–ืืช: ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื–ื•ื›ืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืœื‘ ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ื•ืื•ืžืจ: "ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทืœึผึตื‘ ื–ื•ึนื›ึตืจ".


ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ืจ "ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜" ื”ื–ื” ื’ื ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืึทืจึฐืก-ืคื•ืื˜ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ, ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ. ื›ืฉื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื' ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• "ืฉื™ืจ ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื™ื": "ืึถื”ึฑื‘ื•ึผ ื”ึทืžึผึดืœึผึดื™ื ื”ึธืขึตืจื•ึนืช ื›ึผึฐื•ึธืจึดื™ื“, / ื”ึทืžึฐืคึทื›ึผื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐืกึดื‘ึฐื›ึตื™ ืžึฐืœึดื™ืฆึธื” ื•ึธืฉืึทื™ึดืช, / ืœึดื‘ึฐืœึดื™ ื™ึถื’ึทืข ืจึทื“ึผึฐืคื•ึผืŸ ืขึทื“ ืงึทืฆึฐื•ึตื™ ื”ึธืขึดื‘ึฐืจึดื™ืช, / ื’ึผึธืจึฐืจื•ึผืŸ ื‘ึผึทืฆึผึทืžึผื•ึนืช ืึถืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช. // ื›ึผึธืœ ืฉืื•ึผืจึธื” ืชึผึดื‘ึผึธื—ึตืจ ื›ึผึฐืขึทืœึฐืžึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึดื‘ึฐื™ึธื” / ื•ึฐื—ึทืคึผึฐืฉื‚ื•ึผ ื”ึทื™ึผึธืคึธื” ื‘ึผึดื‘ึฐื ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืคึผึถืœึถืšึฐ. / ื•ึฐื—ึธืจื•ึผื– ืชึผึดืžึฐืฆึฐืื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึผ ืฉืึธืœึตื ื›ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผืขึธื”, / ืื•ึน ื—ึธืฆื•ึผื™ ื•ึผืžึทื’ึผึดื™ืจ ืขึฒืกึดื™ืกื•ึน ื›ึผึทืคึผึถืœึทื—", ื”ื•ื ื›ึผึดื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ืจื™ื–ื”. ื‘ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืชืจืžื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจื’ ื•ืกื“ื•ืจ (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื’ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืกื™ืกื). ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืกื“ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื ืœื™ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืื™ื’ืจืช-ื ื–ื›ืจืช" ืื• "ื–ื™ืช-ื‘ื™ืช", ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืจืืฉืš - ื™ื ืฉื™ืš" ืื• "ื”ื’ืื™ื” - ืื™ื”". ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ-ืฆื‘ืื™ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืกื“ื•ืจ ื•ืžืžื•ืฉื˜ืจ, ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ืื”ื‘ื” ื—ืœื•ืžื™ ื•ืื™ืฉื™, ื”ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืงืœื”.

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ื•ืืœ ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ืขื ื•. ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืื™ื”" ื ืขื•ืฅ, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื—ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื”ื ืขืจืš ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ. ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงื”ืœื”, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ืื ื—ื ื•", ืืš ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืจ ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ืืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื• ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืฉืœื• ("ืœึฐื›ึปืœึผึธื ื•ึผ ืึทืชึผึฐ ื ึดื–ึฐื›ึผึถืจึถืช / ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืึดื™ืฉื ืœื•ึนื—ึตืฉื ืœึฐื—ื•ึผื“").


ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ "ืื™ื”" ื™ืฆืง ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื“ืžื•ืชื” ื™ืคืช-ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ืฉื ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื ืช ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื“ื’ื ื™ื” ื' (ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืงืœื•ืขื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืจืืฉื” ื›ื›ืชืจ). ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื™ืฆืง ื›ืืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ "ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช" ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื”: "ืฉืื•ึผืœึทืžึดึผื™ืช, ื”ึทืชึดึผื™ืจึดื™ ืฆึทืžึผื•ึนืชึทื™ึดืšึฐ, ืฉืื•ึผืœึทืžึดึผื™ืช, ื™ึธืคึธื” ื”ึดื ึธึผืšึฐ ื›ึทึผืœึตื™ืœ. / ืฉืื•ึผืœึทืžึดึผื™ืช, ื”ึทืจึฐืึดื™ื ึดื™ ืึถืช ืžึทืจึฐืึทื™ึดืšึฐ,ื›ึดึผื™ ืžึทืจึฐืึทื™ึดืšึฐ โ€“ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ". ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื›ื•ืœ, ืื™ื” ื”ื™ื โ€“ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื•ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข โ€“ ืฉื ืฆื•ืคืŸ ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืขืœ ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืืœื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ืงืฉื™ื™ื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื” ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื•.


ื•ืžื” ื–ืืช ืื”ื‘ื”? ื›ืืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ื˜ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืื”ื‘ื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืื™-ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื•ืจืื• ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืคื™ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืชื™ "ื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื™" ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžืฉื”ื•", ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื—ื‘"ืข, ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ 1724 ืžื™ื•ื 20.02.2022). ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ืื™ื”" ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉืงื™ื ื‘ื”, ืืš ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืชื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ โ€“ ื‘ึผึธืึถื—ึธื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“; ื•ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืžืชื— ื›ืืŸ ืงื• ืฉืœ ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื”ื‘ืช-ืืžืช ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืื™-ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ืื”ื•ื‘ืชื• ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืืจืฅ ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ.


ืžืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืข ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขื™ืŸ ืืœ ืื™ื”-ื"ื™, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื•: ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืœื›ืชืจ, ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืืœื™ื” ืขื™ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื™ืข ื›ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืงืก ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืจืง ืขื "ื”ืึถื—ึธื“" ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืื”ื‘ืช ืืžืช. ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื›ึผึดื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืชื” ืื”ื‘ืช ืืžืช ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืฉืื” ืขืœ ืฉืคืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉื ืฆืจื• ืืช ื–ึดื›ืจื” ื‘ืœึดื‘ึผึธื, ืžืื– ืฉืึธืจ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื: "ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ, ื”ึฒืœึนื ืชึดืฉึฐืืึฒืœึดื™ ืœึดืฉึฐืืœื•ึนื ืึฒืกึดื™ืจึทื™ึดืšึฐ" (ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื). ืจืง ืœืื•ืชื• ืื—ื“, ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืฉืื”ื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืื”ื‘ืช-ืชืžื™ื“, ื•ืœื ืœืžื™ ืฉืื”ื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื” ืขืจืื™ืช, ืืงืจืื™ืช ื•ืžื–ื“ืžื ืช โ€“ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• โ€“ ืชืžืกื•ืจ ืื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ืœึดื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”.


ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืืชืจ - 

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