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ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขืฅ ื”ืฉื“ื”

ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™ (18 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1935 - 27 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2007)

ืคื•ืจืกื: ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™ / ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆื•ื‘ : ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื 1991ึพ2007 / ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2009


ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ืชื™ืืจ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืื’ืจื•ื ื•ื ืœืคื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•, ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ-ื”ื”ืœืš ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืชื‘ืœ: "ื•ึฐืขึธื ึธืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึธืžึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืึดื™ืœึธืŸ ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐืฉืึธืžึธื™ื• / ืžึฐืฆึทืคึผึดื™ื ืขื•ึนื“ ืœึฐืšึธ ืขื•ึนื‘ึตืจ ืึนืจึทื—". ืคื” ื•ืฉื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืืžื ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืขืฅ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืืš ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ-ื”ืื’ืจื•ื ื•ื ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” "ืื™ืœืŸ" ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื•, ื”ืžืฉืชืจืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืจื™ ืขื™ืจ ืœืื‘ืง ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื—ื“ืœื™ื ืžืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ืื™ืฉ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื›ืืœ ืžื›ืจื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื, ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจ ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœื•.


ื›ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘, ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™, ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื—ื™ื” ื•ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช, ืฉืžืจืื•ืชื™ื”, ืื•ื•ืฉืช ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื—ื•ื—ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื: ืขืฆื™ ื”ื“ืจ ื•ื–ื™ืช, ืืคืจืกืง ื•ืฉื™ื–ืฃ, ื‘ื•ื’ื•ื™ืœื™ืื”, ื‘ืจื•ืฉ, ืงื–ื•ืืจื™ื ื”, ืชื•ืช, ืคื™ืงื•ืก ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื›ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื•ืื•ืคืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืžื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืขืฅ ืื™ื ื ื• ืืœื ืžืฉืœ. ื”ืขืฅ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื• ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ ื ื•ื˜ืข ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™, ืืš ื‘ืœืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืื•ืชืช ืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืืœื ืืฉืœื™ื” ื›ื•ื–ื‘ืช, ื•ืžื•ืœ ืขืฅ ืชื•ืช ืฉืœึดื‘ึผึธืชื• ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชืจื•ืงื ืช ("ื—ืกื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ", ืขืž' 18) ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ื”ืฉืืœื” "ื”ึทืึดื ื”ึทื˜ึผึถืจึฐืžึดื™ื˜ึดื™ื ื™ื•ึนื“ึฐืขึดื™ื ืึถืช / ื’ึผึฐื–ึทืจ ื“ึผึดื™ื ึธื ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึธืขึตืฆึดื™ื?". ื’ื ื”ืขืฅ, ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืงืฆืจ ื•ื‘ืจ-ื—ืœื•ืฃ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืื›ืœ ืœืฉึดื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.


ืžื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™ ื ืฉื ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืืช ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฃ, ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืื•ื–ืœ, ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืžืขื˜. ื”ืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ืœืžืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ "ื—ืกื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ" (1991), ื”ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื—ืจื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ืœื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืื™ื™ื” ืจื›ื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื™ืช ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉืช, ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืคืง: "ื ึดืคึฐืœึธืึธื” ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผึธื” ืœึนื ื™ึธื“ึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™. / ืขึทื›ึฐืฉืึธื• ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ืึตื™ื ึถื ึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึธื˜ื•ึผื—ึท ืœึฐืึตื™ื–ื•ึน ืชึผึทื—ึฒื ึธื” / ืึฒื ึดื™ ืžึฐื‘ึทืงึผึตืฉื ืœึฐื”ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขึท ื‘ึผึฐืกื•ึนืฃ ื”ึทื”ึทืžึฐืชึผึธื ึธื”" ("ื“ืื™ื™ื” ืจื›ื”"; ืฉื, ืขืž' 5); ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• "ืกืคืกืœ ื™ืจื•ืง" ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื” ืฉืืœืžืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื˜ืœ ื˜ืขืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: "ื—ึธืฉืึทื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืฉืึถืึดืœึฐืžึธืœึตื ื™ึธื“ึทืขึฐื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ืกื•ึนืคึตื ื•ึผ / ืžึทื” ืคึผึตืฉืึถืจ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื" (ืฉื, ืขืž' 20). ื’ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืกืฃ ื•ืžืคืชืŸ ืœืืžึดืชื•ืช ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื˜ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ืฉืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™ ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื”.


ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ "ืžืงื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘" (1997), ืžืคื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื• ืœืฆื“ ืžืฆื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ืกืงื•ื˜, ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ื™ื• ืžืงื“ืจืžื™ื“ ืขื ืžืชืจื’ืžื• ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืœื™ืจื™ ื™ืื™ืจ ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ืฉืžืช ื‘ื“ืžื™ ื™ืžื™ื•, "ืœึฐืึทื—ึทืจ ืฉืึถื—ึธืžึทืง ืžึตื”ึทื”ึทืžึฐืชึผึธื ึธื” ื”ึทื›ึผึฐื ื•ึผืขึธื” ืœึฐื”ึทืฉืึฐืชึผึธืœึทืช ืœึตื‘ ื—ึธื“ึธืฉื. / ืœึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนื ึธื” ื—ึธื–ึทืจ ืึตืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึด'ืคึผึฐืจึดื™ื ึฐืกึถืก ืกึฐื˜ึฐืจึดื™ื˜", / ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืฉืึธื ึดื™ื ืœึฐืึทื—ึทืจ ืžื•ึนืชื•ึน, ืžึฐื ึทืกึผึตืจ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึฒื•ึดื™ืจ ื”ึธืึธืคึนืจ / ื•ึฐื ื•ึนืกึตืง ืžึฐืคึปื–ึผึทืจ ืึตื™ื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืžึตืขึตื‘ึถืจ ืœึทื—ึฒืžึดืฉึผืึธื” ื”ึธืจึตื™ ื”ึทื’ึผึทืขึทืฉื [...] ื ึฐื’ึดื™ื ึทืช ื—ึตืžึทืช ื”ึทื—ึฒืœึดื™ืœึดื™ื, ื ื•ึนืึถืฉืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื™ึธืคึฐื™ึธื”ึผ, / ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืึธื– ื‘ึผึฐืึธื–ึฐื ึทื™ ืฆึฐืœึดื™ืœ ื—ึธื“ึธืฉื ืฉืึถืœ ื™ึฐืฉืื•ึผืขึธื”" (ืฉื, ืขืž' 25-24). ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื”, ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• "ืคืจื™ื ืกืก ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•", ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืงืœืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื•ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ื˜ืจื’ื™ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื” โ€“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื“ืชื™ โ€“ ื”ื™ื-ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ืขืงืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื•ื—.


ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ื”ื™ื• ืœื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™, ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื ื™ืง ืžื›ืคืจ ื•ื™ืชืงื™ืŸ, ื’ื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืจื•ื—. ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืžื™ื• ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช, ื•ื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืื” ื•ื’ืžืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื™ืžื™ ื ืคืฉื•. ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžืงืจืงืข ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื•, ืขืกืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ืชื™ืืจ ื™ืœ"ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื”ืื™ื“ืืœื™, ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืจืฆื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฉืš ื™ื“ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—:


ืึถืœ ืฉืึปืœึฐื—ึทืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึดื›ึฐืชึผึธื‘ ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื—ึทืจ ื™ึดืžึฐืฆึธืึถื ื•ึผ / ื•ึผืœึฐื“ื•ึนืจึฐืฉืึธื™ื• ื™ึดืžึผึธืฆึตื ืขึทื“ ืขึถืฉื‚ึถืจ ืฉืึธืขื•ึนืช. / ืžึตืึธื– ืขึทื“ ื”ึทืฆึผึธื”ึณืจึทื™ึดื ื‘ึผึดืžึฐืขื•ึนื ื•ึน ืึตื™ื ึถื ึผื•ึผ, / ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึธืฉืื•ึผื˜ ื‘ึผึธืขึดื™ืจ ื‘ึผึฐื’ึดื ึฐื–ึทื›ึผึดื™ื ื•ึผื‘ึฐืขึถืจึฐื›ึผึธืื•ึนืช [...] ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึปื—ึนื” ืœึนื ื™ึฐื‘ึทืœึผึถื” ืขึดืชึผื•ึน ื‘ึผึทื”ึถื‘ึถืœ / ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึถื”ึฐื’ึผึถื” ื‘ึผึทืกึผึฐืคึธืจึดื™ื, ื™ึดื›ึฐืชึผึนื‘ ื•ึดื™ื—ึทื‘ึผึตืจ, / ื™ึดืงึฐืจึธื ื›ึดืชึฐื‘ึตื™-ื”ึธืขึตืช, ื™ึดืคึฐืจึนื˜ ืขึทืœ ื ึตื‘ึถืœ, / ืื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐืžื•ึนืฉืึทื‘ ื—ึทื›ึฐืžึตื™ ืœึตื‘ ื ึฐื’ึดื™ื“ึดื™ื ื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ - -"

("ืงื•ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื“", ืฉื•ืจื•ืช 435-444).


ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื›ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช โ€“ ื”-vir bonus, ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื "ืกืคืจื ื•ืกื™ื™ืคื"; ืื“ื ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืงืฉืช, ืืš ื’ื ืžืŸ ื”ืงืกืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื™ื“ื•. ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื”, ื ืฉืืจ ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื”. ื‘ืชืืจื• ื’ืฉื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื–ืจ, ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื•ืงืข ื•ืขื•ืœื” ืžื ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืฉื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘, ื’ืฉื ื‘ื•ืฆื™, ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจ ืืช ืชื ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช: "ื’ึผึทื ื”ึทื’ึผึถืฉืึถื ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื’ึผึถืฉืึถื / ื™ึธืฉืึธืŸ, ืžึฐื‘ึทืฉึผื‚ึตืจ ืคึผื•ึนืจึดื™ึผื•ึผืช ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึตืœึธื”. / ื ึฐืคึดื™ืœึธืชื•ึน ื›ึผึธืืŸ ืึดื˜ึผึดื™ืช ื•ึผืžึทื’ึผึธืขื•ึน ืขึธืงึธืจ. / ื”ึธืขึตืฆึดื™ื ืึตื™ื ึธื ื›ึผื•ึนืจึฐืขึดื™ื ืชึผึทื—ึฐืชึผึธื™ื• / ื•ึฐื”ึธืจึฐื˜ึดื™ื‘ื•ึผืช ื”ึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐื–ึตืขึธื” / ืื•ึน ืฉืึถืžึผึธื ื›ึผึดื“ึฐืžึธืขื•ึนืช" ("ื’ืฉื ืื—ืจ", ืžืชื•ืš "ืžืงื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘", ืขืž' 41).


ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื” ืื•ืงืกื™ืžื•ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืžืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื• ืขื ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืฉืจื™ื, ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืื•ืงืกื™ืžื•ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืขื“" ื•"ื“ื•ืžื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ืจืงืช", ื”ืžื•ึผื›ึผืจื™ื ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ). ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ืคืฉืจื” ื•ืžื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื–ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™, ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื‘ืจื™ื—. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ, ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื–ื• ืขื ื–ื” ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ; ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื ื•ื•ื”, ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื•ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ืฉืœ ืขืฆื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื•ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ึผื ืงื™ื•ืžื™, ื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช, ื›ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ "ืขื“ ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื" (2004): "ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ ื ื•ึนืฉืึถื‘ึถืช ืจื•ึผื—ึท ืขึถืจึถื‘ / ื•ึฐืื•ึนื˜ึถืžึถืช ืจึทืขึทืฉื ื ื•ึนืจึธื ืขื•ึนืœึถื” ืžึตื”ึทื“ึผึฐืžึธืžึธื”, / ืึธื ื•ึผ ืžึฐืฉืึดื™ื‘ึดื™ื ืึถืช ืจึธืืฉืึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืึถืœ ืฆึทืžึผึฐืจื•ึนืช ื”ึธืขึตืฆึดื™ื, / ืฉืึธื ืฆึดืคึผึณืจึดื™ื ืฉืึธืจื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐืงื•ึนืœ ื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ, / ืื•ึน ืฉืึถืžึธื ืฆึฐืขึธืงึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ื–ื•ึน" (ืฉื, ืขืž' 5).


ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™, ืžื ื‘ื—ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœื“ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืœื™ื•ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืœืš. ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืฆืืช ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ "ื—ืกื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ" (1991) โ€“ ืืžืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืื• ืกื•ืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.1 ื•ืืช ืฉืื™ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ืคืจ, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื”ื” ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื•, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ืจื™ื— ื”ื“ืคื•ืก", ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืก ื–ื™ื ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื“ ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘-Fifth Avenue ืžืชืžื›ืจ ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ "ื›ึผึดืžึฐื‘ึทืงึผึตืฉื ืœึฐื”ึทืจึฐื—ึดื™ืง ืึถืช ืงึทื• ื”ึทืงึผึตืฅ ื”ึทืกึผื•ึนื’ึตืจ ืขึธืœึธื™ื•. ืกึตืคึถืจ ื—ึธื“ึธืฉื [...] ื”ื•ึผื ืœึทื—ึฐืžึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึธื” ืฉืื•ึนืœึฐื—ื•ึน, / ืžึฐื‘ึทืงึผึตืฉื ืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื” ื›ึผึฐื›ื•ึนื›ึธื‘ ืจึธื—ื•ึนืง" (ืฉื, ืขืž' 42). ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื—ื›ื, ื ื•ื’ื”, ืžืคื•ื›ื—, ืฉื–ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•.


ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ืขืฉื” ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื•, ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืจื’ื” ืžื–ื•ืงืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืจื”, ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืงื•ืจืื™ ืฉื™ืจื”, ืืš ืžื•ืงื“ื ืœื”ืกืคื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ื›ืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื: ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืขื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืคืจืงื™ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, ืฉืืฃ ื”ื ืฉื™ืจื”, ื”ื ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืœืžื•. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืฉื™ืจื”, ืืš ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื“ืืœื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื•ืขืกืงื ื™ื. ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ ื•ื’ื ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื™ื“ืข ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื•, ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื—ื ืš ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืฉืจ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืื• ื”ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืื ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•"ื.


ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืข ื–ืืช ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ืขื’ื•ื, ื›ื™ ื•ื™ืชืจื• ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ื–ื”, ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืžื™ืงื”. ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช. ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืื™ื–ื” ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ. ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฆื™ื ืกืคืจื• ื”ื ืคืœื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™ "ืขื•ืžืก ื”ื—ื•ื". ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ื—ืจื™ื–ื” ื•ืžืฉืงืœ, ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืคื™ืฆื•ื™, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืขื ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืงืฆืจ "ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”", ืฉืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื— ืœ"ื’ื’" ืขืจื‘ ืฆืืชื• ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืžืžื ื• ืœื ืฉื‘, ืžื ื”ืœ ื“ื•-ืฉื™ื— ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”.


ืžื•ึผืกึดื™ืงึธื” ื–ื•ึนืจึถืžึถืช ืžึดืงึผึถืกึถื ื›ึผึดื ึผื•ึนืจึธื”ึผ ย ย ย ย ย ย 

ืžึฐืฆึดื™ืคึธื” ืื•ึนืชึดื™ ืึถืœ ืชึผึดืงึฐืจึทืช ื”ึธืื•ึผืœึธื

ื•ึผืžึฐื ึทืชึผึถืงึถืช ืื•ึนืชึดื™ ืžึดืžึผึทื—ึฒื ึธืง ืฉืึถืœ ืชึผื•ึนืงึฐืคึธื ื•ึผืช

ื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ื™ึธืคื•ึนืช ืžึฐื”ึทืœึผึฐื›ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึธืจึฐื—ื•ึนื‘ ื•ึผื‘ึทื›ึผึดื›ึผึธืจ

ื•ึฐืื•ึนืจ ื™ึธืจึตื—ึท ืžึฐื”ึทื‘ึฐื”ึตื‘ ื‘ึผึดืฉื‚ึฐื“ึตืจื•ึนืช ื”ึธืขึดื™ืจ.

ื™ึธื ืžึดืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื ืขึทื“ ืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื ืžื•ึผืฆึธืฃ ื‘ึผึฐืื•ึนืจ ืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนืŸ

ื•ึฐืฉืึถืžึถืฉื ืึฒื“ึปืžึผึธื” ืฉืื•ึนืงึทืขึทืช ื‘ึผึทื›ึผึธื—ึนืœ ื”ึถืขึธืžึนืง.

ืึดืœืžึธืœึตื ืึทืชึผึฐ ืœึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”ึธืขึถืจึถื‘ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”

ื•ืœึนื ื ึดื‘ึฐืจึธื ื›ึผึดื™ ืึดื ื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื”.

ื›ึผึทืžึผึธื” ื ึดืคืœึธื ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึนืคึดื™ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”.


ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื™ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืœื‘ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžื•ืงื™ืจื™ ื–ื›ืจื•, ืืœื ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื•ื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”" ืžืชื›ืชื‘ืช ืขื ืœื•ื ื’ืคืœื•, ืฉื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืชืจื’ืžื• ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช (All This Beauty), ืขื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื” ืจื™ื‘ื ืจ ื•ืขื ื“ืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืืกืชืจ, ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื™ืคืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืœืœื ืžืจื›ืื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™.


ืื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื—ืกืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ืžืื•ืคืงืช ืฉืœ ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™, ืฉืกืœื“ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื‘ืง ืฉืœ ืกื™ืื•ื‘ ืื• ืฉืœ ื’ืกื•ืช ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื•. ืจืื™ืชื™ื• ืคืขื ื›ืฉื ืฉืžืขื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืคื ื™ื•. ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืื‘ื• ื•ื”ื›ืื™ื‘ื• ืœื•. ืื™ืฉ ื—ื›ื ื”ื™ื”, ืื™ืฉ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืจื”ืจ ื•ืžื•ืคื ื, ื•ืœื‘ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื–ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ื”ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงืฉืจ. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืœื”ื™ื˜ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืช ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื”ืŸ: "ื•ึฐื”ึตื ืžึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ืชึผึทืขึฒืจื•ึผื›ึธื” ืฉืึถื ึผึดืคึฐืชึผึฐื—ึธื” [...] ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืžึฐืฉืื•ึนืจึถืจึถืช ืฉืึถ'ืึทืชึผึถื ื™ื•ึนื“ึฐืขึดื™ื ื”ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึตืจ ืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื..." / ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืฉืึถื”ึดืชึฐื’ึผึธืจึตืฉื ืžึตื”ึทื”ึดื™ื / ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื”ึทื”ึดื™ื ืฉืึถืžึผึธืฆึฐืึธื” ืึถืช ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื [...] ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืขื•ึนืฆึตื ืึถืช ื—ึทืœึผื•ึนื ื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ื•ึผืชึฐืจึดื™ืกึธื™ื• [...] ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืœึตืšึฐ ืึถืœ ื›ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึทืช ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน / ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืขึฒืœึตื” ื”ึธืจึฐื—ื•ึนื‘ ืึถืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึธื" ("ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื—ืจืช"; "ืขื“ ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื", ืขืž' 29)


ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืืฆื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืฉื›ืžื• ื•ืžืขืœื”, ืืš ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื‘ื ืืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื. ื’ื ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื ื•ืข, ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื“ื—ืฃ ืืœ ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ืžื”. ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื™ืžืฆืื ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ืฆื—ืชื•, ืืš ื”ื ืฆื— ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•.



1. ืขื ื‘ืœ, ืœืื”. ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™ ืขื ืฆืืช ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 7 ื™ืžื™ื, ื•' ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉื "ื, 16 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1991, ืขืž' 36ึพ38.

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