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    • 16 ื‘ืžืื™ 2022

ืžื™ ื™ืจื” ื•ืžื™ ื–ื” ืฉื ื ืคืœ

ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ "ืฉื™ืจ ืขืžืง"

ืคื•ืจืกื: ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจ (ื”ืžื•ื–ื” ืงืœืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื: ืขืœ ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ) ,

ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ 1747 16/05/2022


"ืฉื™ืจ ืขึตืžึถืง" ("ื‘ึธึผืึธื” ืžึฐื ื•ึผื—ึธื” ืœึทื™ึธึผื’ึตืขึท") ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœืกืจื˜ "ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื" (1934), ืกืจื˜ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืคืงืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื’ื•ื˜ ืงืœืื•ื–ื ืจ. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื ื ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืจื™ ื–ึถืžืจ ืคึผื•ึนืคึผื•ึผืœืจื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžื•ึผื›ึผืจื™ื ื•ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ("ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ึผื•ึนืงึถืจ", "ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ", "ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขืžืง"). ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ "ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘" ืฉื ื‘ืœืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ึผึฐืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฆืœืœ ืœืชื”ื•ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื”.


ื‘ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ "ืฉื™ืจ ืขืžืง", ื›ืžื• ื‘ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืงืจ", ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ืžืจืฆืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช-ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ืขืžืง ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืืš ืื•ึนืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ืช, ืจืขื ื ื” ื•ืžืจื ื™ื ืช-ื ืคืฉ, ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื”ึผ ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืจื’ื™ืขื”. ื•ืื•ืœื, ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืื•ึนืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื”ึทืคึผึตืš ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”ืจื’ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืžืœืื•ึนืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื”"ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช" โ€“ ืชืžื•ื ืช ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื•, ืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืžืคืœื—ืช ืืช ื—ื–ื”ื• ื•ืžืงืคื—ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืกื‘ ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืžื” ืจื•ื’ึทืขืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื“ืžืžื” ื“ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• โ€“ ืงื•ืœ ืขื ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื–ืขืงืช ืฉื‘ืจ:

โ€‹ื‘ึธึผืึธื” ืžึฐื ื•ึผื—ึธื” ืœึทื™ึธึผื’ึตืขึท ื•ึผืžึทืจึฐื’ึผื•ึนืขึท ืœึถืขึธืžึตืœ. ืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื—ึดื•ึตึผืจ ืžึดืฉึฐื‚ืชึธึผืจึตืขึท ืขึทืœ ืฉึฐื‚ื“ื•ึนืช ืขึตืžึถืง ื™ึดื–ึฐืจึฐืขึถืืœ. ื˜ึทืœ ืžึดืœึฐึผืžึทื˜ึธึผื” ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธื ึธื” ืžึตืขึทืœ, ืžึดื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืึทืœึฐืคึธื ืขึทื“ ื ึทื”ึฒืœึธืœ. ืžึทื”, ืžึทื” ืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ืžึดืœึตึผื™ืœ? ื“ึฐึผืžึธืžึธื” ื‘ึฐึผื™ึดื–ึฐืจึฐืขึถืืœ. ื ื•ึผืžึธื” ืขึตืžึถืง, ืึถืจึถืฅ ืชึดึผืคึฐืึถืจึถืช, ืึธื ื•ึผ ืœึฐืšึธ ืžึดืฉึฐืืžึถืจึถืช.




โ€‹ื™ึธื ื”ึทื“ึธึผื’ึธืŸ ืžึดืชึฐื ื•ึนืขึตืขึท, ืฉึดืื™ืจ ื”ึธืขึตื“ึถืจ ืžึฐืฆึทืœึฐืฆึตืœ, ื–ื•ึนื”ึดื™ ืึทืจึฐืฆึดื™ ื•ึผืฉึฐื‚ื“ื•ึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ, ื–ึถื”ื•ึผ ืขึตืžึถืง ื™ึดื–ึฐืจึฐืขึถืืœ. ืชึฐึผื‘ึนืจึทืšึฐ ืึทืจึฐืฆึดื™ ื•ึฐืชึดืชึฐื”ึทืœึทึผืœ ืžึดื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืึทืœึฐืคึธื ืขึทื“ ื ึทื”ึฒืœึธืœ. ืžึทื”, ืžึทื” ืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ืžึดืœึตึผื™ืœ?...




โ€‹ืึนืคึถืœ ื‘ึฐึผื”ึทืจ ื”ึทื’ึดึผืœึฐื‘ึผื•ึนืขึท, ืกื•ึผืก ื“ึผื•ึนื”ึตืจ ืžึดืฆึตึผืœ ืึถืœ ืฆึตืœ. ืงื•ึนืœ ื–ึฐืขึธืงึธื” ืขึธืฃ ื’ึธึผื‘ื•ึนื”ึทึผ, ืžึดืฉึฐึผื‚ื“ื•ึนืช ืขึตืžึถืง ื™ึดื–ึฐืจึฐืขึถืืœ. ืžึดื™ ื™ึธืจึธื” ื•ึผืžึดื™ ื–ึถื” ืฉึธืื ื ึธืคึทืœ ื‘ึตึผื™ืŸ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืึทืœึฐืคึธื ื•ึฐื ึทื”ึฒืœึธืœ? ืžึทื”, ืžึทื” ืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ืžึดืœึตึผื™ืœ?...

ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืชืจื“ืžึทืช ืจื•ื’ึทืข, ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืื•ืงืกื™ืžื•ืจื•ื ื™, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื”ืžืคื’ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชืคืฉืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืจื•ืฉื ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื ื•ื”ืžืื–ื™ืŸ. ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ "ืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื—ึดื•ึตึผืจ" ื”ืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืขืžืง ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ; ื•ื”ืจื™ "ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื" ื•"ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื" ื”ื ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืืœืชืจืžื ื™ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื โ€“ ืฉื•ื•ื™-ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ "nuits blanches" ("ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื"), ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•: 'ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœื ืฉืึตื™ื ื”', 'ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื'. ืชื™ืื•ืจื”ึผ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจืช ืฉืื•ืจื”ึผ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืคืš ืขืœ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžืจืžื– ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช ืจื•ื’ึทืข, ืืœื ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืขืจื”. ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืงื ืŸ ืืคื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”"ืจื’ื•ืขื•ืช", ื”ืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ึผึธืื•ืช


ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื›ืื—ื“, ืฉื‘ึผื•ึน ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ-ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืชื”ืคื›ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ื“ื•-ืžืฉืžืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืœืžืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืขืžืง ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ ื•ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื. ืžื” ืจื‘ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ึผื‘ึผืจื• ืื– ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ืžืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืžื”.


ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืกืžื‘ึผื•ึผืจืกืงื™ ื ื™ืกื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชืžืœื™ืœ ืœืœื—ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉื—ื™ื‘ึผืจ, ื•ืงื•ืœืžื•ืกื• ื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: "ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉื‘ ืคื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ / ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืคื” ื ืฉื™ืจ / ืคื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื / ืคื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ื ืฉื™ืจ. / [ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ]: ื›ืคืจ, ืขื™ืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช / ืคื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืื ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ / ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—".1 ื™ืคื” ืขืฉื” ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื’ื ื•ื– ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืชืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืื– ืžึดื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ "ืจื’ืขื™ื" ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืืœืžืœื ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืงื“ ื‘ืคื–ืžื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืคึผื•ึนืคึผื•ึผืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจึถืคึผึถืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื–ึถืžืจ ืฉืœื ื•.


ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื–ื•ืช ืื‘ืื‘ื’ื’. ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ืžื”ืœืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขืžืง ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ, ื•ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืžืœ ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ื”. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžืฉื—ืจ ืขื“ ืœื™ืœ, ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื›ื•ื— ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžื‘ืจืš ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ืžึถืจื™ื–ื "ืžึดื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืึทืœึฐืคึธื ืขึทื“ ื ึทื”ึฒืœึธืœ" ("ืžึถืจื™ื–ื" โ€“ ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: mรฉrisme โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืึดื–ื›ึผื•ึผืจื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืชื•ื—ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• "ืž... ืขึทื“": ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ, ืขืžืง ื•ื”ืจ, ื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื›ื•').


ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœืคื (ืฉื ื•ืกื“ ื‘-1922) ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื ื”ืœืœ (ืฉื ื•ืกื“ ื‘-1921) ืœื ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ืจื•ื– "ื•ึฐืชึดืชึฐื”ึทืœึทึผืœ [...] ืขึทื“ ื ึทื”ึฒืœึธืœ", ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘"ืืœืคื" (ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืขืžื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ "ืžึต... ืขึทื“"). ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื” ืœืจืžื•ื– ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืžึดื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืึทืœึฐืคึธื ืขึทื“ ื ึทื”ึฒืœึธืœ" ืฉื—ืจืฃ ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืฉืจืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื”ึธ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื•ืฉืœ ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘: ืœืžืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ "ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ" (ืœืื” ืœื”ื‘, ืื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ "ืชืœ ืขืžืœ" ืฉืœ "ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ", ืฉื ื•ืกื“ ื‘-1932, ืืš ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘-1934, ื‘ืฉื ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ "ืฉื™ืจ ืขืžืง") ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ" ืฉื”ืชืžื–ื’ื” ืœื™ืžื™ื ืขื ืžืคื"ื™.


ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืฉืจืจ ืื– ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจึถื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื“ื”ื• ืื– ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ืœื’ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ืืช ืื—ื™ื ืขื–ื”. ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื›ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื ืื” (ื•ืจืง ื‘"ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”" ื”ืจืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ื”ืขืจื” ืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ืืœ ืžื—ืชืจื•ืช ืืฆ"ืœ ื•ืœื—"ื™ ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”"ื›ื ืขื ื™ื"). ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ื›ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœื ืœืœึทื‘ึผื•ึนืช ืฉื ืืช ืื—ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœืชืœ-ืขืžืœ, ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ืชื•, ืœึดื’ืœื’ ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื– ื•ื‘ืžืฉืชืžืข ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื•ืจื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืืฉืจ ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื˜ืจื•ื’ ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื”" (1937) ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืขืžืง ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ืœื’ื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ื ืงื˜ื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคื•ืจืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื (ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื).


ื•ืื•ืœื, ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืจึธื›ึธื” ื”ื›ึผึตื ื” ื•ื”ื ืจื’ืฉืช ื”ื ืฉืœื—ืช ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ืกื ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืงืœืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืžึดืคืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžืจื•ืžืžื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” "ืชึฐึผื‘ึนืจึทืšึฐ ืึทืจึฐืฆึดื™ ื•ึฐืชึดืชึฐื”ึทืœึทึผืœ" ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” โ€“ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ืช โ€“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ื: "ื™ึดืชึฐื’ึทึผื“ึทึผืœ ื•ึฐื™ึดืชึฐืงึทื“ึทึผืฉื [...] ื•ึฐื™ึดืชึฐืขึทืœึถึผื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืชึฐื”ึทืœึธึผืœ". ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื•ืงืกื™ืžื•ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ: ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื“ื™ืกื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ "ืฆื•ืจื" ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืจื•ืžืžืช-ื ืคืฉ, ื”ื ืืžืจืช ื‘ืœื‘ ื’ืื”, ื•ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืช "ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ื", ื”ื ืืžืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื ื—ื•ืช. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ื”ืžืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ืœื•ืช "ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ื", ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื›ืจืžื– ืœืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืคืงื“ื• ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื ืจืžื– ื›ืืŸ ืฉืžื•ืœ ืžืืžืฆื™ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื ื”ื™ื ืœึดื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช, ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืžืžื”, ื‘ืื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™-ืžึดื“ื‘ึผืจ, ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื›ึทืœื•ืช, ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ, ืœื”ืจื•ื’, ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“.


ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ "ืžึทื” ื™ึผึธืคึดื™ื ื”ึทืœึผึตื™ืœื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึดื›ึฐื ึทืขึทืŸ" ืžืฉื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืœืืžื™ืจื” ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืืžืจืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื’ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจ, ืฉื›ึผืŸ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช "ื”ื™ืคื™ื" ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ื’ื ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ื ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉืจืคื• ื”ืคื•ืจืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืžืง, ื•"ื”ื™ื•ืคื™" ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืคื™ึธื™ื”ึผ ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉ ื”ืžึฐืึทื›ึผืœืช ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืข ื•ื”ื–ื“ื•ืŸ. ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืื’ืจื•ื ื•ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืคื™ื ื›ืฉื ืกืข ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ืชื• ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื’ื ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื ืกืข ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืื—ื•ืชื• ืœืื” ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืชืœ-ืขืžืœ. ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื’ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ืืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื’ื ื–), ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ึผืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ โ€“ ืœื”ื“ื‘ึผึดื™ืจ ืืช ื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžึดื“ื‘ึผืจ".


ื›ืืŸ ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืกื˜ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืฉื™ืจ ืขืžืง" ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ "ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืžืจ", ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-1934 ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื, ืชื™ืืจ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื•ืงื˜ืช, ื”ื ื—ื” ื‘ืขืžืง ืœืขืช ืขืจื‘, ื•ื‘ืฆึดื“ื”ึผ ื›ืคืจ ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื ื ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืืช ืฉื ืชื•. ืœืคืชืข ื‘ื•ืงืข ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืžึตืคืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืžืžื” ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ืฉืœึตื•ื•ื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื ื•ื— ืžืขืžืœ ื™ื•ืžื. ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘, ื”ืžืฆื™ืฅ ืžืžืจื•ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืฅ, ื•ืฉื•ืืœื•: "ื”ึทื›ึผึถืจ-ื ึธื, ื‘ึผึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ืžึดื™ ื”ื•ึผื / ื”ึทืžึผึทืฉืึฐื—ึดื™ื– ืคึผึดื’ึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ?" (ื•ื”ืฉื•ื• ืœื ื™ืกื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ: "ืžึดื™ ื™ึธืจึธื” ื•ึผืžึดื™ ื–ึถื” ืฉึธืื ื ึธืคึทืœ"). ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžืืœื™ื”, ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืืฆื‘ืข ืžืืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื›ืžื—ืจื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื•ื—ืจื™ ืคื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื‘, ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ื ืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ืง:

โ€‹ืžื•ึนืฉืึธื‘ึธื” ื ึธื—ึธื” ื‘ึผึธืขึตืžึถืง, ื ึธื ื›ึผึฐืคึธืจ ืขึฒืจึธื‘ึดื™, ืขึทืœ ืจึนืืฉืึดื™ ืžึธืจื•ึนื ื‘ึผึธืึนืคึถืœ ืžึตืฆึดื™ืฅ ื›ึผื•ึนื›ึธื‘ึดื™.

โ€‹ื›ึผื•ึนื›ึธื‘ึดื™ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื, ืขึทื™ึดืŸ ืจื•ึนืึธื”-ื›ึนืœ, ื”ึทื’ึผึถื“-ืœึดื™, ื›ึผึทืžึผึธื” ืคึผึธืจึทืฆึฐื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ื™ึธืžึดื™ืŸ ื•ึผืฉื‚ึฐืžึนืืœ.

โ€‹ื ึธื ื”ึทืœึผึธื™ึฐืœึธื”โ€ฆ ืฆึฐืœึดื™ืœ ืžึทืชึผึถื›ึถืช!โ€ฆ ื›ึผื•ึนื›ึทื‘ ืฉืึฐืžึตื™-ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ, ื”ึทื›ึผึถืจ-ื ึธื, ื‘ึผึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ืžึดื™ ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทืžึผึทืฉืึฐื—ึดื™ื– ืคึผึดื’ึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ?

ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื•ึผื˜ ื‘ืขืจืคืœ, ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืœื”:

"ืžึดื™ ื™ึธืจึธื” ื•ึผืžึดื™ ื–ึถื” ืฉึธืื ื ึธืคึทืœ / ื‘ึตึผื™ืŸ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืึทืœึฐืคึธื ื•ึฐื ึทื”ึฒืœึธืœ?". ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืคืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœืคื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ืกืžืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ ืฉื ืคืœ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1935 ื‘ืขืช ืฉืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจืขื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข. ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ ืฉื ืจืฆื— ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ืžืžืืจื‘ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืจื›ื‘ ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืื‘ืจื™ืง. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื“"ืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืžืจืžื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉ"ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก, ืฉื›ึผืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ ื™ืฆื ืœืึถืงืจื ื™ื. 'ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื' ื”ื•ืคืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื™ 1935 ื”ื•ืงืจืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจืกืœืื• ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”".2


ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ืฉืœ "ืืชืจ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ" ืฉื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื•ื˜ืจืžืŸ ืžื™ื•ื 15.10.2010 ื”ืขืœื” ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืกืงื™ (ืจื•ืคื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข) ื”ื ื—ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื™ื•ืจื ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืื‘ ื‘ืชืœ-ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืงืจื•ื™ ื”ืขืžืง. ืœื“ืขืชื•, ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืขื•ืจืจ ื›ืืŸ ืžืจึดื‘ืฆื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื”ื’ืœื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื ืข"ื™ ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืขืžืง, ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืง ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ ื›ืงื“ื. ื“"ืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืืžื ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ึผืŸ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืžื ืŸ (marked), ื”ืžื—ืคืฉ ื•ืžื•ืฆึตื ื™ื—ืกื™ 1:1 ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืžืกื•ืžืŸ, ืืš ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืืœืชืจืžื ื™ืช, ืฉืื”ื‘ื” ืœื›ืจื•ืš ืืœื” ื‘ืืœื” ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ื”ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื–ืžื” ืจื‘-ื“ื•ืจื™ืช.3


ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื˜ึทืœ ืžึดืœึฐึผืžึทื˜ึธึผื” ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธื ึธื” ืžึตืขึทืœ" ืงึธืฉืจ ื”ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืœืคืกื•ืง "ื•ึผื‘ึทื‘ึผึนืงึถืจ ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืฉืึดื›ึฐื‘ึทืช ื”ึทื˜ึผึทืœ" ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ื–, ื™ื’: "ื”ื˜ืœ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื•". ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™, ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื• ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ืขื ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืงืœืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื” ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื“ืชื™ "ืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“" ื‘ืงื™ืฉื™ื ื‘; ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”"ืฆื‘ืจื™ืช" ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื; ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืืœื™ื” ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืขืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืช; ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืขื’ื” ืฉืฉืžืข ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื•ืฉืื•ืชื ืื”ื‘ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื: ื‘ืชื "ืš ื•ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื—ื–"ืœ, ื‘ืžืฉื ื”, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื, ื‘ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืงืœืกื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืืกื›ื•ืœื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื’ื ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืœื” ื“"ืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื•ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœ ืขืœื• ื’ื ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ (ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืคืชื— ืกืคืจื™ "ืขื“ ืงืฆื•ื•ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ"; 2021).

*

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืฉืฉืืœ "ืžึดื™ ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทืžึผึทืฉืึฐื—ึดื™ื– ืคึผึดื’ึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ?", ื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ืื™ื“ึตืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”"ื›ื ืขื ื™" ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืจื˜ื•ืฉ ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• "ืžื•ืœื“ืช" ืžืฉื ืช 1937. ืžืชื•ืš ืงืจื™ืืช ืชื™ื’ืจ ืขืœ ืขืžื“ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื•. ื’ื ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืžืจ" ื•ื’ื ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขืžืง" ื ืจืื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื˜ื•ืฉ ืขึฒืžึธื“ื•ืช ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช, ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขึถืžื“ื” ืจึถื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืžืฆื“ื“ืช ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ื—ืจืฆืช4: "ืฆึตืœ ืขื•ึนื‘ึตืจ. / ื•ึผืžึตืขึตืžึถืง ื”ึธืจึดื™ื ื ึธืฅ ื ึดืฆึฐื ื•ึผืฅ ืžึฐืžึนืจึธื˜ / ื‘ึผึดืจึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ ืฉืึธื ืžึทืฉืึฐื—ึดื™ื– / ืžึทืึฒื›ึถืœึถืช-/ ื ึธืงึธื". ืžืฉืžืข, ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื˜ื•ืฉ ืžืชื’ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ื™ ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืžืื›ืœืช ื‘ื•ืงืข ืœื ืžืื•ื”ืœื™ ืงื“ืจ. ื–ื”ื• ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื›ืœืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉืชืฉืœื ืœืฉื•ืคื›ื™ ื“ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื, ื•ืชื™ืงื•ึนื ืืช ื ืงืžืชื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื.


ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืกื’ืจ: ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืจื˜ื•ืฉ ืชืœืฉ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื”ืงืฉืจื•, ื•ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืืช ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืคึผึธืฆื™ืคื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืื™ ื ืคืฉื•. ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืžืจ" ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคึผึธืฆื™ืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจื•, ื•ื™ืขื™ื“ ืฉื™ืจื• "ืคึผึธืจึธืฉืช ื“ื™ื ื”" ืฉื‘ึผื•ึน ืฉืœื— ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืืฆื‘ืข ืžืืฉื™ืžื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ ื”"ื”ื‘ืœื’ื”", ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื— ืื•ืชื• ืคืœื’ ื‘"ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘" (ืื•ืชื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ), ืฉื’ื™ืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื™ื“ ืงืฉื”" ("ืขึถื‘ึฐืจึธืชึธื ื›ึดึผื™ ืงึธืฉึธืืชึธื”"). ืจื˜ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ื˜ืฉื™ืื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืงื“ื ืœื•, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ "ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืžืจ" ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื ื—ืจืฆืช.


ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื”ืžืชื›ืชื‘ ืขื "ืฉื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืžืจ", ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ื’ื ื‘ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ "ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" (1978) ืžืืช ืืจื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ืงืจืื•ืก (ื”ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื "ืฉื™ืจื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”", ื—ืœืง ื”, ืžืฉื ืช 1984). ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื’ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื "ืฉืึนืžึตืจ ืžึทื”-ืžึผึดืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ืฉืึนืžึตืจ ืžึทื”-ืžึผึดืœึผึตื™ืœ" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื›ื, ื™ื) ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขืžืง" ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ("ืžึทื”, ืžึทื” ืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ืžึดืœึตึผื™ืœ").5 ืœืืžึดืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื”ื“ื”ึฒื“ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื’ื ืฉื™ืจื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื›ืžื• "ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”" ("ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื"), "ืœื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ืœ", "ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืงืจ" ("ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืš ืžื•ืœื“ืช"), ื•ืขื•ื“:

โ€‹ื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช ืœึธืšึฐ ื‘ึผึธื ึดื™ืชึดื™ ืฉืึธื ื‘ึผึทื—ื•ึนืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ. ืฉืึทืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ืฉืึดื™ืจ ื™ึธืคึถื” ืขึทืœ ื™ึธื ื›ึผึธื—ึนืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ. ืžึทื” ืžึผึดืœึผึตื™ืœ, ื”ื•ึน, ืฉึนืื•ืžึตืจ ืžึทื” ืžึผึดืœึผึตื™ืœ ืžึทื” ืžึผึดืœึผึตื™ืœ.

โ€‹ืขึถืจึถื‘ ืฉืื•ึผื‘ ื ื•ึนื˜ึถื” ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนืœึธืŸ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ. ืฉืึธื ื—ึทื™ึผึธืœ ืฆึธืขึดื™ืจ ืื•ึนืจึตื‘ ื“ึผื•ึผืžึธื ืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ. ืžึทื” ืžึผึดืœึผึตื™ืœ, ื”ื•ึน, ืฉึนืื•ืžึตืจ ืžึทื” ืžึผึดืœึผึตื™ืœ ืžึทื” ืžึผึดืœึผึตื™ืœ.

โ€‹ื›ึผึทืžึผึธื” ืฉืึถืึฒื ึดื™ ืื•ึนื”ึตื‘ ืื•ึนืชึธืšึฐ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ. ืœึธืžึผึธื” ื–ึถื” ืึฒื ึดื™ ืขึธืฆื•ึผื‘ ื›ึผึธืœ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ. ืžึทื” ืžึผึดืœึผึตื™ืœ, ื”ื•ึน, ืฉึนืื•ืžึตืจ ืžึทื” ืžึผึดืœึผึตื™ืœ ืžึทื” ืžึผึดืœึผึตื™ืœ.

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืืคื•ื ืขืœ ืคืกื™ืคืก ืขืœ "ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช" ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืจื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื•"ืžืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช" ืึดืชืŸ. ื”ืŸ ืžืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืžืื›ื–ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืžืชื•. ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ืœื™ื“ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืžื• ืืจื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื”), ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืื›ื–ื‘ืชื• ืœืžืจืื” ืืจืฆื• ืฉืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืคื ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืึถืชื•ืก ืฉื”ึดื ื—ื” ืืช ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ื™ ื•ื”ืœื-ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื’ื•ืคื, ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ื›ืื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืžืจื—ืคืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ ื•ื”ืžื›ืื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืจืื” ื”ืคืขืจ ืฉื ึดื‘ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ืชืžืžืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืขึทืœ.6


ื”ืขืจื•ืช:

  1. https://www.fresh.co.il/vBulletin/showthread.php?t=428655#post3013479

  2. ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "ื“ืžืžื” ื‘ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ", ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืกืฃ "ืฉื‘ืช", ืžื™ื•ื ื‘' ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืข"ื‘, 22/6/2012.

  3. www.alterman.org.il/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D/tabid/61/aff/1/aft/43/afv/topic/Default.aspx

  4. ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืจื˜ื•ืฉ 'ืžื•ืœื“ืช', ื”ื‘ื– ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”"ื”ื‘ืœื’ื”" ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ืฉื™ืจื™-ื—ืจื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื, ืขื‘ืจ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื˜ืืžื•ืจืคื•ื–ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ืชืฉืชื™ืชื• ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื” ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ. ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ - ืœื ื™ืกื•ื—ื™ื” ื•ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ 'ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ืจื‘' ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืกื ื‘ืกืคืจ, ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืจื˜ื•ืฉ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”"ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช", ื•ื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื•.

  5. ืœืคื™ ืจืฉ"ื™, ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ืืœ "ืฉื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืœ ื”ืืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉื™ื’ืœื” ืœืขื ืžื” ืฆื•ืคืŸ ืœื• ื”ืขืชื™ื“. ืžืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื“ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ื”ืขื ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื•: "ืฉื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื” ืชื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื—ืฉื›ื” ื”ื–ืืช".

  6. ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื›ืื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ึผื”ึธ ืืš ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืชืขืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžืกืคื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ื–ึทืžึผึธืจ, ืืžืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ืื–, ืžืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•: "ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืื•ืชืš, ืืจื™ืง, ืฉืจ: 'ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชืš ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ' [...] ื”ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ืœื. ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ืคื”, ื”ืืžึดื™ืชื™ืช, ื”ืžื–ื•ืงืงืช": www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART2/525/631.html



ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืืชืจ - 

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