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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื–ื”

ืขืœ "ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”" ("ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื")

ืคื•ืจืกื: ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจ (ื”ืžื•ื–ื” ืงืœืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื: ืขืœ ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ) ,ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ 1761, 04/07/2022

ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจ 1761
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ื˜ืขื ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื•ืจื•ึนื•ื—ืช, ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœื›ืขื™ืŸ ืืงืกื™ื•ืžื”, ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง โ€“ ืœื ื›ืชื‘ ืžืขื•ื“ื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืœึดื’ืœื’ ืขืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืฉื ืชืคืกื• ืœื–'ืื ืจ ื–ื” (ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคึผื•ึนืคึผื•ึผืœืจื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืื—ืช ื’ืจืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืื’ื‘-ื’ืจืจื ืžืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ืึถืคึผึดื™ื’ื•ื ื™ืช).


ื•ืื•ืœื, ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื–ืืช ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืื™-ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ "ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™" ื•ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”ึผ. ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”"ืงื ื•ื ื™ืช" ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžืกืžืžื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ื. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื ื–ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื•, ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืžืึดื–ื›ึผื•ึผืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื, ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ืืชืจื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืกืœื“ ืžืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื ื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช (ืืš ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืงื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื• ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืคืกื™ื“ื•-ืงื™ื˜ืฉ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•-ืื™ืจื•ื ื™). ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ืฉืืช ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ, ืื• ืฉืžื”ื ื ืจืชืข. ืœืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื ืื•-ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™", ืฉื‚ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœืขืจืคืœ ืืช ืืžื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฆืขื™ืคื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ, ืฉื™ืจื™ ืคืจื™ื–, ืฉื™ืจื™ ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืขึธืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ืืชืจื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืฉืžื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืขื ืื—ืช.


"ื”ืชื ื–ืจื•ืช" ื–ื• ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ืžื•ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช โ€“ ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงืจื ื™, ืฉ' ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืžืื ืฉื™ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืœืื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืค"ื, ืœื ื ืจืชืขื• ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื• ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื ืฉืืจ ื™ื—ืกื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื’-ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื”.


ื›ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื’ืจื•ืช ืžืจื“ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ึผืฉื” ื•ื‘ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉ"ื ืชืงื“ืฉื•", ื ื˜ืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ืืช ื”ืงื“ื•ึผืฉื” ืฉื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœืืชืจื™ื”, ื•ื”ืขื˜ื” ืื•ืชื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืžืง ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืขืžืœื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื›ืš ื ื”ื’, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ืขืžืœ", ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืจื•ื—ื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ืฉืœ "ื“ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”" ("ื”ึทืœึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืฉืึดื™ื ึดื™ ืึดืžึผึธื ื›ึผึฐืฉึตืจึธื” ื›ึผึฐืชึนื ึถืช ืคึผึทืกึผึดื™ื ืœึฐืชึดืคึฐืึถืจึถืช / ื•ึฐืขึดื ืฉืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ื”ื•ึนื‘ึดื™ืœึดื™ื ึดื™ ืึฑืœึตื™ ืขึธืžึธืœ.// ืขื•ึนื˜ึฐืคึธื” ืึทืจึฐืฆึดื™ ืื•ึนืจ ื›ึผึฐื˜ึทืœึผึดื™ืช / ื‘ึผึธืชึผึดื™ื ื ึดืฆึผึฐื‘ื•ึผ ื›ึผึฐื˜ื•ึนื˜ึธืคื•ึนืช / ื•ึผื›ึดืจึฐืฆื•ึผืขื•ึนืช ืชึผึฐืคึดืœึผึดื™ืŸ ื’ึผื•ึนืœึฐืฉืึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ืฉืึดื™ื ืกึธืœึฐืœื•ึผ ื›ึผึทืคึผึทื™ึดื"). ื•ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื‘ืŸ-ื—ืกื•ืชื•, ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื›ึผื•ึผืœื•ึน ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ื•ืชืจืชื• โ€“ "ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”".

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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืง ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื•, ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ "ืจื’ืขื™ื" ืฉืœื•, ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื. ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• ื‘ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” โ€“ ืื’ื‘ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืจื•ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ โ€“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœืฉืึดื’ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช.


ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื• ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ึผึธื“ื•ึผืง ืฉืื•ืชื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืคื™ื, ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ, ื•ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชึผึดืคืœื•ืช:


"ืขึตื˜ึดื™ ื”ึทืงึผึทืœึผึธื” ืžึดืชึฐื ึทื”ึถืœึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนื‘ึถื“. / ืึฒื ึดื™ ืžึฐืฆึทื™ึผึดืจ ืคึผึทืจึฐืฆื•ึผืคึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืื•ึผืœึทื™ึดื. / ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืฉึนื•ึนืจึตืจ ื™ึฐื“ื•ึผืขึธื” ื”ึทืชึผึดืจึฐื›ึผึนื‘ึถืช โ€“ / ืฉืึฐืœึดื™ืฉื ืชึผึฐืคึดืœึผึธื”, / ืฉืึฐืœึดื™ืฉื ื“ึผึดืžึฐืขึธื”, / ืจึถื‘ึทืข ื ื•ึนืฃ, / ื—ึฒืชึดื™ืžึธื”. / ืฉืึดื™ืจ ืžื•ึผื›ึธืŸโ€ฆ / ื›ึผึฐืชึนื‘ ืžึดืœึฐืžึทืขึฐืœึธื”: ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื! // ืึทืชึผึฐ ืขึธื™ึทืคึฐืชึผึฐ ืžึดืฉึผืื•ึผืจึทืช ืคึผึทื™ึฐื˜ึธื ึดื™ื ืึฒืจึปื›ึผึธื” ื–ื•ึน. / ืžึดื™ ืขึทืœ ืกึฐืœึธืขึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึดื™ืจ ืœึนื ืขึธื’ึทื‘? / ืึทืชึผึฐ ืกื•ึนืœึทื—ึทืช ืœึฐื˜ึถืžึฐืงึดื™ืŸ, ืกื•ึนืœึทื—ึทืช ืœึฐืงึทืžึฐื–ื•ึนืŸ / ืกึดืœึฐื—ึดื™ ื ึธื ื”ึทืคึผึทืขึทื ื’ึผึทื ืœึฐ"ืึทื’ึผึทื‘".1 ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ "ืจื’ืขื™ื" โ€“ "ื‘ืกืžื˜ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ืช" โ€“ ืœึดื’ืœื’ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคึผึธืชื•ืก ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฆ"ื’, ืฉื”ึดืจื‘ึผื•ึผ ืœืคืืจ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ืกืžืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ืฆื— ื”ืื•ืžื”: "ื‘ึผึฐืฉึทืขึทืจ ื™ึธืคื•ึน ื“ึฐืžึธืžึธื” ืจึตื™ื—ึธื ึดื™ืช. / ื—ื•ึนืžึธื” ืึฒืจึปื›ึผึธื”. ืขึทื›ึฐื‘ึผึธืจึดื™ื ื’ึผึธืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ. / ืžึดื’ึฐื“ึผึทืœ ื“ึผึธื•ึดื“ ื ึดืฉืึฐืขึธืŸ ืขึทืœ ื—ึฒื ึดื™ืช / ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถืœึดืžึผึตื“ ืื•ึผืจึดื™ ืฆึฐื‘ึดื™ ื’ึฐืจึดื™ื ึฐื‘ึผึถืจึฐื’.2


ืกื‘ื™ื‘ "ืฉื™ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”" (1943) โ€“ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื โ€“ ื ึดื˜ื•ึธื•ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืขืฉืข, ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ื ื“ืกื™3 ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจื• ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื: ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ื›ื™ ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืฉื™ืจื• ืœ"ืœื”ื™ื˜", ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”: ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืจ Nonsense, ื”ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื" ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” "ื ืื•ื•ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ "ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™" ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื, ื”ืคืš ืœืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ึผื›ึผืจ ื•ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™:


ื›ึผึธื—ึนืœ ื™ึธื ื”ึทืžึผึทื™ึดื,

ื ึธืื•ึธื” ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื

ืื•ึนืจึดื™ื ื”ึทืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื

ืขึทืœ ื ึถื’ึถื‘ ื•ึฐื’ึธืœึดื™ืœ.


ื”ึทืฉึผืึถืžึถืฉื ืื•ึนืจึดื™ ืœึธื ื•ึผ, ืื•ึนืจึดื™,

ื”ึทืžึผึทื—ึฐืจึตืฉืึธื” ืขึดื‘ึฐืจึดื™, ืขึฒื‘ึนืจึดื™,

ื—ึดืจึฐืฉืึดื™ ื‘ึผึทืชึผึถืœึถื ื•ึทื—ึฒื–ึนืจึดื™

ืขึทื“ ืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื”, ืœึตื™ืœ ื™ึทืึฒืคึดื™ืœ.


ืฉืึดื™ืจ, ืฉืึดื™ืจ, ืขึฒืœึตื” ื ึธื,

ื‘ึผึทืคึผึทื˜ึผึดื™ืฉืึดื™ื ื ึทื’ึผึตืŸ, ื ึทื’ึผึตื ึธื”,

ื‘ึผึทืžึผึทื—ึฐืจึตืฉืื•ึนืช ืจึทื ึผึตื ึธื”,

ื”ึทืฉึผืึดื™ืจ ืœึนื ืชึผึทื,

ื”ื•ึผื ืจึทืง ืžึทืชึฐื—ึดื™ืœ.


ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจ "ืื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ", ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ื•. ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืกึดื“ืจื” ืฉืœ "ื›ืชืžื™ ืฆื‘ืข", ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ื•ื—ื˜ื•ืคื•ืช ืžื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืืจืฅ โ€“ ื™ื ื•ืงื“ื, ื ื’ื‘ ื•ื’ืœื™ืœ โ€“ ืฉืขืœ ืจืงืขื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช ืงื“ื—ืชื ื™ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื ื—ืชื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช "ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืœื ืชื, ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœ". ื’ื ื”ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืฉื™ืจ (ื”ืžื™ื โ€“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ืฉืžื™ื), ื”ืœื•ืขื’ื™ื ืœื—ืจื–ื ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืื• ืžืคื ื™ื ื—ึดืฆื™ ืื•ื˜ื•-ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื—ืจื– ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื•, ืžึทืคื ื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ืœื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืืœืชืจืžื ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื.


ืขืžื•ืก ืจื•ื“ื ืจ, ืื™ืฉ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืจื ืจ, ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื ื“ื•ืจืžืŸ, ืจืขื”ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœื•, ืกื™ืคืจ ืื™ืš ืฉืจื• ื‘ืžืงื”ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” "ืžื™ืกื˜ืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ", ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ื” ืœืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ "ื”ืžื˜ืื˜ื" ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื˜ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืžืื™ 1943 ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืจื“ ื’ื˜ื• ื•ืจืฉื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ื•ืžื• ื•ื’ื˜ื• ืื—ืจ ื’ื˜ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœื•.4 ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืขืช ื›ืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืขื ื’ื‘ื ืืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ืคื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืขื•ืœื”.5 ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืื’ืจื•ื ื•ื, ืฉื”ึดืจื‘ึผื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื›ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื•ื’ื ืœืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉื›ึผืชื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ("ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ", "ื•ืืžื•ืช ื•ืื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืœื›ืช"). ืœืื•ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืขืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืฉื•ืื”.


ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื”ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” โ€“ ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” โ€“ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืกื›ึตืžืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ: ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”-Rhupunt ื”ืื ื’ืœื™-ืื™ืจื™ ื•ืฉืœ ื”- Zajal ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื›ืžื” ืืืื‘, ื’ื’ื’ื‘, ื“ื“ื“ื‘... ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžืงื”ืœื” (ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืงื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื), ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืงื™ื ื”. ื’ื ื”ืืคื™ื˜ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืจ"ืœ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื›ืžืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื–ื” ื”ื–ืืช. ื”ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” Zajal ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืจืžืช ื”ืงื•ืœ, ื•ืื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืฉืึดื™ืจ, ืฉืึดื™ืจ, ืขึฒืœึตื” ื ึธื" ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืจืฉ ื›ืงืจื™ืืช ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ืจืžืช ื”ืงื•ืœ. ื’ื ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช, ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชืจื•ืžืžืช, ืžื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช.


ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื—ื•ึผืงื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ื›ึผึธื—ึนืœ ื™ึธื ื”ึทืžึผึทื™ึดื" (ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื™), ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ืจ "ื ึธืื•ึธื” ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื" (ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ื”ืฉื’ื•ืจ "ื™ึธืคึธื” ืึทืชึผึฐ ืจึทืขึฐื™ึธืชึดื™ ื›ึผึฐืชึดืจึฐืฆึธื” ื ึธืื•ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึธึดื" [ืฉื™ื”"ืฉ ื•, ื“], ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื—ืง ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ). ื•ืื•ืœื, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžึดืฉืชื ื” ื ื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ึผื•ึน.


ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืกื•ื’ื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” โ€“ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืคื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœื ืกื•ืš ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื•ืœื–ืจื– ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืœืื›ืชื. ืฉื™ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืชื™ืง ืฉื ืฉืชืžืจ ื‘ืชื "ืš ื”ื•ื "ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ": "ืึธื– ื™ึธืฉืึดื™ืจ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืึถืช-ื”ึทืฉึผืึดื™ืจึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช:ย  ืขึฒืœึดื™ ื‘ึฐืึตืจ ืขึฑื ื•ึผ-ืœึธื”ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืึตืจ ื—ึฒืคึธืจื•ึผื”ึธ ืฉื‚ึธืจึดื™ื ื›ึผึธืจื•ึผื”ึธ ื ึฐื“ึดื™ื‘ึตื™ ื”ึธืขึธื" (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื, ื™ื–-ื™ื—). ื•ื›ืืŸ ืงื•ืจื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ึผืช ื”ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืขื•ืจืจื•ึผืช ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ืืจ: "ืฉืึดื™ืจ, ืฉืึดื™ืจ, ืขึฒืœึตื” ื ึธื".

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ื™ื•ืฆื ืืคื•ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื” ื—ืจื™ืฉืช ืชืœืžื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืฉืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžืžื•ื ื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœ"ืฉื™ืจืชื" ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™-ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ืงืขื• ื•ื”ื‘ืงื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘"ืžื—ืจืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื", ื‘"ืžื’ืจืคื•ืชื™ื”ื" ื•ื‘"ืคื˜ื™ืฉื™ื”ื". ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ื• ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืึดื‘ึผืŸ-ืขื–ืจื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื™ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช ื•ืœื—ืจื™ื–ื” ืœืงื•ื™ื”: "ืœื ืชื—ืจื•ื– ื‘ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•. ืงื— ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจ, ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ โ€“ ืœื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ" (ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ืœึนื-ืชึทื—ึฒืจึนืฉื ื‘ึผึฐืฉืื•ึนืจ-ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึฒืžึนืจ ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธื•"; ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื‘, ื™). ื•ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืื™ื›ืจ ื—ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ืจืฉื” ืขื ืฉื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ โ€“ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ืจืฉื” ื•ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจ โ€“ ื—ื•ืจื– ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืžื™ื โ€“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื โ€“ ืฉืžื™ื" ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื—ืจื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื›ืžื• "ืขืœึตื”-ื ื โ€“ ื ื’ึตื ื” - ืจื ึตื ื”".


ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืžืขืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช "ืคึผึธื˜ื™ืฉ" ื•"ืžื’ืจืคื”" (ืื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืจืฉื” ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจ). ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžืจื—ืคืช ื‘ืจืงืขื• โ€“ ื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืืœื ื’ื ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืชืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (ืคืกื ืชืจ) ื•ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื (ื”ืžื’ืจืคื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ื™ื’ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ). ืœื ืจืง ื”ื ื’ื‘ ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืืคื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืืœื ื’ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื ืื•ื•ื”, ืฉื‘ืžืงื“ืฉื” ื ื™ื’ื ื• ื‘ืžื’ืจืคื•ืช. ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืœืงื•ืœ ื”ืœืžื•ึผืช ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืจื™ื ืช ื”ืžื—ืจืฉื•ืช.


ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื’ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื" ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ืจืžื™ื โ€“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืึทืจึฐืก ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื” ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ืœืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™. ืกื•ึผืคึผืจ ืขืœ ืจื—ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื "ืœื ื‘ืื” ืœื›ื™ื ืจืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”, ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื, "ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื“ืจ ื•ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืื“ืžื”". ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื” ืขื ืฉื—ืจ" ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืึดืชื” ื‘ืฆืืชื” ืœื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” โ€“ "ื ื‘ึถืœ" ื•"ืžื’ืจืคื”" โ€“ ื”ื ื’ื ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื”: "ื ึตื‘ึถืœ ืžึทื™ึดื ื‘ึผึทื™ึผึธื“ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืึถื›ึถื / ืžึทืขึฐื“ึผึตืจ, ืžึทื’ึฐืจึตืคึธื” ื•ึธืกึทืœ / ืœึฐืฉื‚ึธื“ื•ืชึน ืจึฐื—ื•ืงึนึดื™ื, ืœึถืขึธืžึธืœ. / ืžึดื™ึผึธืžึดื™ืŸ โ€“ ื”ึธืจึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐืžึดืฉืึฐืžึถืจึถืช,/ ืžึถืจึฐื—ึฒื‘ึตื™ ืฉืึฐื“ึตืžื•ืชึน ืœึฐืคึธื ึทื™ / ื•ึฐืจึธื ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึดื™ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ืึฒื‘ึดื™ื‘ึทื™ / ืžึฐื ึธืช ื—ึถืœึฐืงึดื™ ืขึทื“ ื”ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขึท ืงึดืฆึผึดื™: / ืงึธืžึธืชึตืšึฐ ื”ึทื–ึผื•ื”ึนึถืจึถืช ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึถืžึถืฉื / ื•ึทืขึฒืคึทืจ ื“ึผึฐืจึธื›ึทื™ึดืšึฐ. ืึทืจึฐืฆึดื™." ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘, ื”ืจื ื ื” (ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื”) ื•ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื• ืžืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ. ื’ื ืงืจื™ืืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ ืืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” "ืกืคื™ื—" ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื•ืœื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ ("ืฉื‚ึทื’ึฐืฉื‚ึตื’ึฐื ึธื”, ืฉื‚ึฐื’ึถื™ื ึธื”, ืฉืึทื“ึฐืžื•ืชึน ื”ึทืคึผึถืœึถื / ืฉื‚ึทื’ึฐืฉื‚ึตื’ึฐื ึธื”, ืฉื‚ึฐื’ึถื™ื ึธื”, ื•ึผื’ึฐืžึนืœึฐื ึธื” ื—ึดื™ืฉื!") ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงืจื™ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ("ืฉืึดื™ืจ, ืฉืึดื™ืจ, ืขึฒืœึตื” ื ึธื"). ื’ื ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืจื—ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช, ื ื˜ืฉ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืื’ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉื‘ึผื• ื”ืฉืชืœื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื• ืงื• ืฉืœ ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื—ืจื™ื–ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื.


ื”ืขืจื•ืช:

  1. ื‘ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ "ืจื’ืขื™ื" ืฉืœื•, ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื—ืชื ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื˜ ื”ืžืฆื˜ื ืข "ืื’ื‘". ื•ืื’ื‘, ื”ื—ืจื•ื– "ืขื’ื‘-ืื’ื‘" ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืฉืข ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ืœืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ืช "ืคืœื™ืจื˜" ("ื“ืจืš-ืขื’ื‘").

  2. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื“ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื" ื›ืžืœืš ื”ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ืช.

  3. ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ืงื•ื ื“ืกื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืจืื• ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื ืื•ืจ "ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื›ืžืชื—ืŸ", ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืืชืจ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืžื™ื•ื 22.12.2021. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื ืื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื 2.4.2021.

  4. ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื’ื™ืœื•ืœื”, ืžื•ืœ ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื™ื™ื: ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ืงืœื”, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ,2008, ืขืž' 10, 38 โ€“ 61.


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