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ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™-ื•ื™ืœื™ืื-ื‘ื˜ืœืจ-ื™ื™ื˜ืก-11-william-butler-yeats

ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื˜ืœืจ ื™ื™ื˜ืก - 11 - William Butler Yeats

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืื™ืจื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื˜ืœืจ ื™ื™ื˜ืก (1865 โ€“ 1939), ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉื ืช 1923, ื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืงืกืžื. ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ " ื”ืืจืฅ ", ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช " ืงืฉืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ", " ื’ื’ ", " ืœื™ื˜ืจื˜ื•ืจื” ", " ืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึน " ื•-" ื”ื• !". ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื ืฉื‘ื™ืขืจ" ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืคืจืกื•ืžื, ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ืจื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื. โ€‹ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื™ืคื ื™ ื–ึถื” ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืื•ึนืชึดื™ ื”ึดืœึฐื”ึดื™ื‘ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ื ืฉืึฐื ื•ึนืชึทื™ ืขึทืœ ืึฒื“ึธืžื•ึนืช (ื”ึตื™ื“ึธื“ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืคึผึฐืจึธื—ึธื™ื• ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึธืึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึธืึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ื”ึดื’ึผึดื™ืขึท ื”ึตื ึผึธื” ืฉืื•ึผื‘). ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ื ืฉืึฐื ื•ึนืชึทื™ ืขึทืœ ืึฒื“ึธืžื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืœึนื ื›ึผึฐืึดื™ืฉื ืึถื‘ึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ, ื“ึผึทืœ ืขึธืœื•ึผื‘ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ื ืฉืึฐื ื•ึนืชึทื™ ืขึทืœ ืึฒื“ึธืžื•ึนืช ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ืึดื™ืฉื ื‘ึผื•ึนื’ึตืจ, ืฉืึถืœ ื™ึถืœึถื“ ืึทืฃ ืคึผึทืขึทื ืœึนื ื—ื•ึนืœึทืœึฐืชึผึดื™ ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื ึผึทืคึฐืฉืึดื™ ืฆื•ึนื”ึถืœึถืช. โ€‹Imitated from the Japanese A MOST astonishing thing -- Seventy years have I lived; (Hurrah for the flowers of Spring, For Spring is here again.) Seventy years have I lived No ragged beggar-man, Seventy years have I lived, Seventy years man and boy, And never have I danced for joy. โ€‹ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉืชื’ืขื•? ืึตื™ืšึฐ ืœึนื ื™ึดืคึผึนืœ ื–ึธืงึตืŸ ืึถืœ ืชึผึฐื”ื•ึนืžื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึดื’ึผึธืขื•ึนืŸ? ื”ึดื›ึผึทืจึฐื ื•ึผ ืคึผึทืขึทื ืขึถืœึถื ื—ึฒืžื•ึผื“ื•ึนืช ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืœื•ึน ื–ึฐืจื•ึนืขึท ืฉืึถืœ ื“ึผึทื™ึผึธื’, ืขึทื–ึผึธื” ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถืœ ื’ึผึดื‘ึผื•ึนืจ ืขึทืชึผึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึผึฐืกึทืšึฐ-ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ืกึฐืชึธื ืขึดืชึผื•ึนื ึทืื™ ืฉืึดื›ึผื•ึนืจ. ืขึทืœึฐืžึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธื“ึฐืขึธื” ืึถืช ื“ึผึทื ึฐื˜ึถื” ื‘ึผึฐืขึทืœ-ืคึผึถื” ืขึทืชึผึธื” ื™ื•ึนืœึถื“ึถืช ื™ึฐืœึธื“ึดื™ื ืœึฐืึดื™ืฉื ืจึธืคึถื” ื”ึตืœึตื ึธื” ืฉืึถื—ึธืœึฐืžึธื” ื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ืฉืึดื•ึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ืœึทื›ึผึนืœ ืขึทืœ ื“ึผื•ึผื›ึธื ึธื”ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืื•ึผืง ืขึทืชึผึธื” ืชึผึทื›ึฐืจึดื™ื– ื‘ึผึฐืงื•ึนืœ. ื™ึตืฉื ืžึทืึฒืžึดื™ืŸ ืฉืึถื›ึผึธืšึฐ ืชึผึดืคึฐืขึทืœ ื™ึทื“ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนืจึธืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึทืฉืึฐืคึผึดื™ืœ ืึถืช ื”ึทืฆึผึทื“ึผึดื™ืง ืชึผึธืจึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึทื ึผึธื‘ึธืœ. ืฉืึถืึดื ืคึผึดืจึฐืงึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœ ื–ื•ึผืœึธืชึฐืšึธ ืชึผึทืฆึผึดื™ื’ ื‘ึผึฐืกึทืšึฐ ื•ึฐืชึทืงึฐืจึดื™ื ึตื ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื”ึตื ืขึทืœ ื™ึฐืจึดื™ืขึทืช ืžึธืกึธืšึฐ ื”ึตืŸ ืœึนื ืชึผึดืžึฐืฆึธื ืกึดืคึผื•ึผืจ ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืึถื—ึธื“ ืฉืึถืœ ืึดื™ืฉื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืจึธืœื•ึน ื™ึตื—ึทื“. ืึตื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ึผื ืกึดื™ึผื•ึผื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึทืชึฐืึดื™ื ืœึทื”ึทืชึฐื—ึธืœึธื” ืึถืช ื–ึนืืช ืœึธืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ื”ึทืฆึผึฐืขึดื™ืจึดื™ื ืึดื™ืฉื ืœึนื ื’ึผึดืœึผึธื”. ืึทืšึฐ ื”ึทื–ึผึฐืงึตื ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื–ึนืืช ื™ื•ึนื“ึฐืขึดื™ื ื”ึตื™ื˜ึตื‘ ื”ึตื™ื˜ึตื‘ ื•ึผื‘ึทืกึผึฐืคึธืจึดื™ื ื–ึธื›ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืฉืึถื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื–ื•ึน ืชึผึดื›ึผึธืชึตื‘: ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืœื•ึน ืœึฐืึธื“ึธื ื’ึผื•ึนืจึธืœ ืึทื—ึตืจ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืจ ืžึทื“ึผื•ึผืขึท ื”ึทื–ึผึธืงึตืŸ ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึดื’ึผึธืขื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผื•ึนื—ึตืจ. โ€‹Why Should Not Old Men Be Mad? Why should not old men be mad? Some have known a likely lad That had a sound fly-fisher's wrist Turn to a drunken journalist; A girl that knew all Dante once Live to bear children to a dunce; A Helen of social welfare dream, Climb on a wagonette to scream. Some think it a matter of course that chance Should starve good men and bad advance, That if their neighbours figured plain, As though upon a lighted screen, No single story would they find Of an unbroken happy mind, A finish worthy of the start. Young men know nothing of this sort, Observant old men know it well; And when they know what old books tell And that no better can be had, Know why an old man should be mad. โ€‹ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ึธืึดื™ืœึธื ื•ึนืช ืขื•ึนืžึฐื“ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึดื™ืคึดื™ ื”ึทืกึผึฐืชึธื• ืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ืœึตื™ ื”ึทื™ึผึทืขึทืจ ื™ึฐื‘ึตืฉืึดื™ื ืขึฒื“ึทื™ึดืŸ, ื•ึฐืขึดื ืฉืึฐืงึดื™ืขึทืช ื—ึทืžึผึทืช ื—ึถืฉืึฐื•ึธืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึทื™ึดื ื”ึตื ื›ึผึฐืžึทืจึฐืึธื” ืฆึธื—ึธื” ืœึฐื“ื•ึผืžึดื™ึผึทืช ืฉืึธืžึทื™ึดื; ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื—ึทืœึผื•ึผืงึตื™ ื”ึทื ึผึทื—ึทืœ ื ื•ึนื”ึฒืจึดื™ื ืœึธื”ึถื ืž"ื˜ ื”ึทื‘ึผึทืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึผืจึดื™ื. ื™"ื˜ ืกึฐืชึธื•ึดื™ื ืขึธื‘ึฐืจื•ึผ ืขึธืœึทื™ ืขึทื“ ื›ึผึนื” ืžึตืึธื– ื”ึดืชึฐื—ึทืœึฐืชึผึดื™ ื”ึธืขึดืชึผึดื™ื ืœึดืžึฐื ื•ึนืช ื•ึผื‘ึฐื˜ึถืจึถื ืึฒืกึทื™ึผึตื, ืจึธืึดื™ืชึดื™ ืœึฐื ึถื’ึฐื“ึผึดื™ ืึตื™ืšึฐ ื›ึผึทื ึฐืคึตื™ื”ึถื ื ื•ึนืกึฐืงื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื ึดืฉึผื‚ึธืื•ึนืช. ืกึธื‘ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืขึฐื’ึผึฐืœึตื™ ืขึฒื ึทืง ื”ึทื‘ึผึทืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึผืจึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึดืชึฐืคึผึทื–ึผึฐืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืงื•ึนืœ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ึธืจึดื™ื. ื”ึดื‘ึผึทื˜ึฐืชึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึดื™ืฆื•ึผืจึตื™ ื”ึทืฆึผึฐื—ื•ึนืจ ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึดื™ ื”ึธืžึผึธื”. ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ืฉืื•ึนื ึถื” ืžึตืึธื– ืฉืึฐืžึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ื ืœึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนื ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื–ึถื” ื”ึทื—ื•ึนืฃ ืขึดื ื“ึผึดืžึฐื“ึผื•ึผืžึตื™ ื—ึทืžึผึธื”, ื•ึทื—ึฒื‘ึธื˜ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึฐื ึธืคึทื™ึดื ืžึตืขึธืœึทื™ ื›ึผึฐืขึดื ึฐื‘ึผึธืœึดื™ื ื ึดืฉืึฐืžึทืข ืงื•ึนืœึธื ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื‘ึผึดืฆึฐืขึธื“ึดื™ื ื›ึผึนื” ืงึฐืœึดื™ืœึดื™ื. ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื–ื•ึผื’ ืื•ึนื”ึตื‘, ืœึฐืœึนื ืœึตืื•ึผืช ืขึดื ื‘ึผึทืช ื–ื•ึผื’ื•ึน ืคึผื•ึนืกึตืขึท ื‘ึผึทืฆึผึดื ึผึธื” ืœึฐืฆึทื“ ืคึผึฐืœึธื’ึดื™ื, ื‘ึผึฐื’ึธื‘ึฐื”ึตื™ ืžึธืงื•ึนื ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึธื ืœึนื ื”ึดื–ึฐื“ึผึทืงึผึฐื ึธื”. ื•ึผื‘ึดื ึฐื“ื•ึผื“ึดื™ื ื’ึผึทื ื”ึทื”ึถืฉึผื‚ึตื’, ื”ึทืชึผึทืึฒื•ึธื” ืขึฒื“ึทื™ึดืŸ ื™ึฐืœึทื•ึผื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทื ึผึฐืชึดื™ื‘ึธื”. ืขึทืชึผึธื” ืกึฐื—ื•ึผืคึดื™ื ื”ึตื ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึฐืžึดื™ ื”ึทื’ึผึทืœึผึดื™ื ื™ึธืคึฐื™ึธื ืึธืคื•ึผืฃ ื‘ึผึฐืกื•ึนื“ ื•ึผืžึดืกึฐืชึผื•ึนืจึดื™ืŸ. ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืึทื’ึฐืžื•ึนื ึดื™ื ื™ึดื‘ึฐื ื•ึผ ืงึดื ึผึธื? ืขึทืœ ืฉื‚ึฐืคึทืช ืึฒื’ึทื ื‘ึผึทื™ึผึฐืขึธืจึดื™ื? ืœึฐืฉื‚ึทืžึผึตื—ึท ืœึตื‘ ืึฑื ื•ึนืฉื, ืึทืšึฐ ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถืึตืขื•ึนืจ ืœึดื™ ื™ื•ึนื ืึถื—ึธื“ ืึถืžึฐืฆึธื ืฉืึถื”ึตื ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื—ึฒืœื•ึนื? โ€‹The Wild Swans at Coole The trees are in their autumn beauty, The woodland paths are dry, Under the October twilight the water Mirrors a still sky; Upon the brimming water among the stones Are nine-and-fifty swans. The nineteenth autumn has come upon me Since I first made my count; I saw, before I had well finished, All suddenly mount And scatter wheeling in great broken rings Upon their clamorous wings. I have looked upon those brilliant creatures, And now my heart is sore. All's changed since I, hearing at twilight, The first time on this shore, The bell-beat of their wings above my head, Trod with a lighter tread. Unwearied still, lover by lover, They paddle in the cold Companionable streams or climb the air; Their hearts have not grown old; Passion or conquest, wander where they will, Attend upon them still. But now they drift on the still water, Mysterious, beautiful; Among what rushes will they build, By what lake's edge or pool Delight men's eyes when I awake some day To find they have flown away? โ€‹ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึฒื•ึดื™ืจ ื”ึนืžึธื” ืึตื™ื ึดื™ ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท ืึตื™ ื•ึผืžึธื”, ื”ึธืจึถื—ึถื ืœึทื–ึผึฐืจึธืขึดื™ื ื—ึดืฉืึฐืงื•ึน ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื”ึธืจึนื’ึทืข ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ืฉืื•ึนื›ึตืŸ ื’ึผึทื ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึท ื’ึผึทื ืขึทืœ ืงึตืŸ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึฐืจึตื›ึทื™ึดื ื”ึทืคึผึฐืฉื‚ื•ึผืงื•ึนืช The Lover's Song BIRD sighs for the air,
Thought for I know not where,
For the womb the seed sighs.
Now sinks the same rest
On mind, on nest,
On straining thighs โ€‹ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ึผึฐืžื•ึน-ื™ึธื“ึทื™ ืึธื‘ึดื™ื ืœึธืšึฐ ื‘ึผึดืกึฐื’ึดื™ื“ึธื” ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืกึฐืคึธืจึทื™ ื•ึผื‘ึธื ืฉืึฐืœึทืœ ื—ึฒืœื•ึนืžื•ึนืช ืึดืฉึผืึธื” ืฆึธื—ึธื” ืฉืึถืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผืงึธืชึธื”ึผ ืึธื‘ึฐื“ึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐื’ึตืื•ึผืช ืฉืื•ึนื—ึถืงึถืช ืึทืคึฐืจื•ึผืจึดื™ืช ื—ื•ึนืœื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืœึตื‘ ืฉืึถื ึผึดืชึฐืจึทืคึผึตื˜ ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ื˜ึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืžึตืึตืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึฐืžึทืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐื”ึดื™ืจึธื” ืชึผึดื‘ึฐืงึทืข ืึดืฉึผืึธื” ืฆึธื—ึธื” ืขึดื ืึตื™ืŸ-ืกึฐืคึนืจ ื—ึฒืœื•ึนืžื•ึนืช. ืึถืช ื—ึฒืจื•ึผื–ึทื™ ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื ืึธื‘ึดื™ื ืœึฐืšึธ ื‘ึผึดืชึฐืฉืื•ึผืงึธื” โ€‹The Poet to his Beloved BRING you with reverent hands The books of my numberless dreams, White woman that passion has worn As the tide wears the dove-grey sands, And with heart more old than the horn That is brimmed from the pale fire of time: White woman with numberless dreams, I bring you my passionate rhyme.

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ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™-ื•ื™ืœื™ืื-ื‘ื˜ืœืจ-ื™ื™ื˜ืก-16-william-butler-yeats

ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื˜ืœืจ ื™ื™ื˜ืก - 16 - William Butler Yeats

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืื™ืจื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื˜ืœืจ ื™ื™ื˜ืก (1865 โ€“ 1939), ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉื ืช 1923, ื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืงืกืžื. ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ " ื”ืืจืฅ ", ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช " ืงืฉืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ", " ื’ื’ ", " ืœื™ื˜ืจื˜ื•ืจื” ", " ืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึน " ื•-" ื”ื• !". ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื ืฉื‘ื™ืขืจ" ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืคืจืกื•ืžื, ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ืจื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื. A Bronze Head HERE at right of the entrance this bronze head, Human, superhuman, a bird's round eye, Everything else withered and mummy-dead. What great tomb-haunter sweeps the distant sky (Something may linger there though all else die) And finds there nothing to make its terror less Hysterica passio of its own emptiness? No dark tomb-haunter once; her form all full As though with magnanimity of light, Yet a most gentle woman; who can tell Which of her forms has shown her substance right? Or maybe substance can be composite, profound McTaggart thought so, and in a breath A mouthful held the extreme of life and death. ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืจื“ ื›ึผึธืืŸ, ืžึดื™ึผึธืžึดื™ืŸ ืœึทืžึผึฐื‘ื•ึนืึธื”, ืคึผึฐืจื•ึนื˜ื•ึนืžึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ืึธืจึธื“ ื”ึดื™ื ืึฑื ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ืช ื•ึฐื’ึทื ืขึทืœ-ืึฑื ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ืช, ืขึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถืœ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ, ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืึธืจ ื‘ึผึธืœึถื”, ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ืœึนื ืฉื‚ึธืจึทื“. ืคึผื•ึนืงึถื“ึถืช ื”ึทืงึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผื ืกื•ึนืจึถืงึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื‘ึผื•ึนืจ (ืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐืึทืจ ืฉืึธื ืžึทืฉึผืึถื”ื•ึผ, ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืึธืจ ืึธื‘ึทื“) ืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ืžื•ึนืฆึตืืช ืžึธื” ืฉืึถื™ึผื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืึตื™ืžึธื” ื”ึทืžึฐืขึตื˜ Hysterica passio. ืžึดืกึผึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ืจึตื™ืง ื•ึผืžึตืช. ืึตื™-ืึธื– ืคึผื•ึนืงึถื“ึถืช ื”ึทืงึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืœึนื ื”ึดืชึฐื”ึทืœึผึฐื›ึธื” ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื—ื•ึนืจ ืžื•ึผืฆึถืคึถืช ืื•ึนืจ ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืจึนื—ึทื‘ ืœึตื‘. ื›ึผึฐื‘ึทืช ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึดื™ื ืจึทื›ึผึธื”; ื•ึผืžึดื™ ื™ื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืึฑืžึนืจ ืึตื™ื–ื•ึน ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐืžื•ึผื™ื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึทื”ื•ึผืช ืชึผึฐืฉืึทืงึผึตืฃ. ืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ ืžึทื”ื•ึผืช ืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ืึถืœึผึธื ื”ึถืจึฐื›ึผึตื‘: ื”ึธื’ื•ึผืช ืžึฐืงึท'ื˜ึฐื’ึผึฐืจึตื˜ ื‘ึผึฐืขึธืžึฐืงึธื”ึผ, ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื ึดืžึฐืกึธื›ึดื™ื ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึธื•ึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื—ึนื“ ื”ึทื”ึฒืคึธื›ึดื™ื. The Fool By The Roadsideย  When all works that have From cradle run to grave From grave to cradle run instead; When thoughts that a fool Has wound upon a spool Are but loose thread, are but loose thread; When cradle and spool are past And I mere shade at last Coagulate of stuff Transparent like the wind, I think that I may find A faithful love, a faithful love. ื”ืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœืฆื“ ื”ื“ืจืš ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึฐืฉื‚ึดื™ืžื•ึนืช ื—ึทื™ึผึทื™ ืžึตืขึฒืจึดื™ืฉืึธื” ืขึทื“ ืขึถืจึถืฉื‚ ื“ึผึฐื•ึทื™ ืื•ึน, ืœึฐื”ึถืคึถืšึฐ, ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื•ึทื™ ืึถืœ ืขึฒืจึดื™ืฉืึทืช ืชึผึดื™ื ื•ึนืง. ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื”ึดืจึฐื”ื•ึผืจึธื™ื• ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึธืึฑื•ึดื™ืœ ืžึดืกึฐืชึผื•ึนื‘ึฐื‘ึดื™ื ืœึธื”ึถื ืขึทืœ ืกึฐืœึดื™ืœ ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื”ึทื—ื•ึผื˜ ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ื ึดืชึฐืจึทืคึผึธื” ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ื ึดื–ึผื•ึนืง. ื›ึผึตืŸ, ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ื ึดื–ึผื•ึนืง. ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถืกึผึฐืœึดื™ืœ ื•ึทืขึฒืจึดื™ืฉื‚ึธื” ื–ึฐืžึทื ึผึธื ื”ื•ึผื ื–ึฐืžึทืŸ ืขึธื‘ึธืจ ื•ึฐืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ืฆึตืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืจึธืึธื” ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ, ื›ึผึฐืึดื™ืฉื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืงึฐืจึทืฉื ืขึทืฉื‚ึฐืจื•ึนืช ืžื•ึนื ึดื™ื ืฉืึธืงื•ึผืฃ ืžึทืžึผึธืฉื ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืจื•ึผื—ึท ืฉืึถื ึผื•ึนืฉืึธื‘ ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ืึถืžึฐืฆึธื ืขื•ึนื“ ืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื”, ืึฒื ึดื™ ื—ื•ึนืฉืึตื‘, ื›ึผึธื–ึนืืช ืฉืึถืœ ืึฑืžื•ึผื ึดื™ื, ืฉืึถืœ ืึฑืžื•ึผื ึดื™ื. On a Political Prisoner She that but little patience knew, From childhood on, had now so much A grey gull lost its fear and flew Down to her cell and there alit, And there endured her fingers' touch And from her fingers ate its bit. Did she in touching that lone wing Recall the years before her mind Became a bitter, an abstract thing, Her thought some popular enmity: Blind and leader of the blind Drinking the foul ditch where they lie? When long ago I saw her ride Under Ben Bulben to the meet, The beauty of her country-side With all youth's lonely wildness stirred, She seemed to have grown clean and sweet Like any rock-bred, sea-borne bird: Sea-borne, or balanced in the air When first it sprang out of the nest Upon some lofty rock to stare Upon the cloudy canopy, While under its storm-beaten breast Cried out the hollows of the sea. ืขืœ ืืกื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืึทืฃ ืฉืึถื—ึธืกึฐืจึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ืกึทื‘ึฐืœึธื ื•ึผืช ืžึดื™ึผึทืœึฐื“ื•ึผืชึธื”ึผ ืขึทืชึผึธื” ืžึธืœึฐืึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ืึนืจึถืšึฐ-ืจื•ึผื—ึท ืขึทื“ ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ. ื‘ึผึทืช-ืฉืึทื—ึทืฃ ืึฒืคึนืจึทืช ื›ึผึธื ึธืฃ ืขึทืชึผึธื” ื™ึธืจึฐื“ึธื” ืœึฐืชึธื ืžึทืึฒืกึธืจึธื”ึผ, ืงึธืจึฐื‘ึธื” ืขึธื“ึถื™ื”ึธ ื”ึดื ึผึดื™ื—ึธื” ืœึธื”ึผ ืœึธืžื•ึผืฉื ืึถืช ืึถื‘ึฐืจึธืชึธื”ึผ ืึธื›ึฐืœึธื” ืึถืช ืžึฐื–ื•ึนื ึธื”ึผ ืžึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ื™ึธื“ึถื™ื”ึธ. ื”ึทืึดื ืžึทื’ึผึทืข ื›ึผึธื ึธืฃ ื”ื•ึผื ืฉืึถื”ึถืขึฑืœึธื” ืึถืช ื–ึตื›ึถืจ ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ื”ึทื”ึตื ื”ึธืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึฑื™ื•ึนืช ืจื•ึผื—ึธื”ึผ ื™ึตืฉืื•ึผืช ืžึฐืœึตืึธื” ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื”ึผ ืจึทืขึฒื™ื•ึนื ึตื™ ืฉื‚ึดื ึฐืึธื” ืžึธืจึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื—ื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทื ึผึถืคึถืฉื ื‘ึผึฐื˜ึทืขึทื ื”ึถื”ึธืžื•ึนืŸ, ืขึดื•ึผึตืจ ื‘ึผึดืงึฐื”ึทืœ ืขึดื•ึผึฐืจึดื™ื ืฉืื•ึนืชึถื” ืœึดื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืžึดื‘ึผึดื™ื‘ ื”ึทืžึผึฐืกึนืึธื‘ ื‘ึผึฐืจึถืคึถืฉื? ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถืจึฐืึดื™ืชึดื™ื”ึธ ืึธื– ืœึฐืžึทืจึฐื’ึผึฐืœื•ึนืช ื”ึธื”ึธืจ ืจื•ึนื›ึถื‘ึถืช ืขึทืœ ืกื•ึผืกึธื”ึผ ืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึผึดืคึฐื’ึผึธืฉื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื™ึฐืคึดื™ ืึทืจึฐืฆึธื”ึผ ื›ึผึฐืฆึถืžึทื— ื‘ึผึธืจ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืคึผึฐืจึธืื•ึผืช ื”ึทื ึผึฐืขื•ึผืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื”ึดืชึฐืœึทื‘ึฐืœึตื‘ ื•ึฐืงึธื. ื’ึผึธื“ึฐืœึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ืžึฐืชื•ึผืงึธื”, ืขึดื ืœึตื‘ ืจึทื’ึผึธืฉื ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถืœ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ืฉืึถืงึผึดื ึผึฐื ึธื” ืขึทืœ ืฆื•ึผืง ืœึฐื—ื•ึนืฃ ื”ึทื™ึผึธื. ื”ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทืช-ื’ึผึทืœึผึดื™ื ืื•ึน ื‘ึผึทืขึฒืœึทืช ื›ึผึธื ึธืฃ. ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนื ึธื” ื–ึดื ึผึฐืงึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ืžึดืงึผึดื ึผึธื”ึผ ืžึตืขึทืœ ื”ึทืกึผึถืœึทืข ืžึทื‘ึผึธื˜ึธื”ึผ ื”ื•ึผื ึทืฃ ืึตืœึตื™ ื—ึปืคึผึทืช ืฉืึธืžึทื™ึดื, ืขึธื‘ ื›ึผึธื—ึนืœ, ืขึตืช ืชึผึทื—ึทืช ืœึถื‘-ื”ึทื™ึผึธื ืฉืึถืžึผึดืกึผื•ึผืคื•ึนืช ืขึปื ึผึธื” ื”ื•ึนืžึดื™ื ื”ึทืชึผึฐื”ื•ึนืžื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐืงื•ึนืœ ื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ. The Rose Tree 'O words are lightly spoken,' Said Pearse to Connolly, 'Maybe a breath of politic words Has withered our Rose Tree; Or maybe but a wind that blows Across the bitter sea.' 'It needs to be but watered,' James Connolly replied, 'To make the green come out again And spread on every side, And shake the blossom from the bud To be the garden's pride.' 'But where can we draw water,' Said Pearse to Connolly, 'When all the wells are parched away? O plain as plain can be There's nothing but our own red blood Can make a right Rose Tree.' ืขืฅ ื”ืฉื•ืฉื ื™ื ืžึดืœึผึดื™ื ืงึทืœึผื•ึนืช ืžึดืชึฐื’ึผึทืœึฐื’ึผึฐืœื•ึนืช ืฉื‚ึธื— ืคึผึดื™ืจึฐืก ืœึฐืงื•ึนื ื•ึนืœึดื™, ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ืึธืฉืึตื ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึดื™ื—ึท ื”ึทืžึผึฐื“ึดื™ื ึดื™ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐืขึถื˜ึฐื™ื•ึน ืึดื‘ึผึทื“ึฐื ื•ึผ ืฉื‚ึดื™ื—ึท ืฉืื•ึนืฉืึทื ึผึดื™ื, ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ื‘ึผึฐื’ึดื™ืŸ ืžึทืฉึผืึทื‘ ืจื•ึผื—ื•ึนืช ืงึฐื˜ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืžึตืขึทืœ ื™ึธื ืžึฐืจึดื™ืจึดื™. ืจึทืง ืžึทื™ึดื ื ึฐื—ื•ึผืฆึดื™ื ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื’ึผึต'ื™ืžึฐืก ืงื•ึนื ื•ึนืœึดื™ ืขึธื ึธื” ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ ื”ึทืฆึผึถื‘ึทืข ื”ึทื™ึผึฐืจึทืงึฐืจึทืง ื™ึธืฆื•ึผืฅ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืคึผึดื ึผึธื”, ืชึผึดื‘ึฐืงึทืข ืคึผึฐืจึดื™ื—ึธื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื ึผึดืฆึผึธืŸ ืขึฒื˜ึถืจึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื’ึผึดื ึผึธื”. ืึตื™ื›ึธื” ื ื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืœึดืฉืึฐืึนื‘ ืื•ึนืชึธื ืฉื‚ึธื— ืคึผึดื™ืจึฐืก ืœึฐืงื•ึนื ื•ึนืœึดื™, ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืึตืจื•ึนืช ื™ึธื‘ึฐืฉืื•ึผ ื›ึผึปืœึผึธืŸ ืขึตืฆึธื” ืคึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื˜ึธื” ื™ึตืฉื ืœึดื™ ื“ึผึธืžึตื ื•ึผ ื”ึธืึธื“ึนื ื™ึทืจึฐื•ึถื” ืึถืช ืขึตืฅ ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืฉืึทื ึผึดื™ื. Whence Had They Come? (from โ€œSupernatural Songsโ€) Eternity is passion, girl or boy Cry at the onset of their sexual joy "For ever and for ever'; then awake Ignorant what Dramatis personae spake; A passion-driven exultant man sings out Sentences that he has never thought; The Flagellant lashes those submissive loins Ignorant what that dramatist enjoins, What master made the lash. Whence had they come, The hand and lash that beat down frigid Rome? What sacred drama through her body heaved When world-transforming Charlemagne was conceived? ืžืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื• ื”ึตืžื”? (ืžืชื•ืš "ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื") ื”ึทื ึผึถืฆึทื— ื”ื•ึผื ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผืงึธื”. ื›ึผึธืœ ืึดื™ืฉื ืฆึธืขึดื™ืจ ื‘ึผึฐื‘ื•ึนื ื—ึถื“ึฐื•ึทืช ื”ึทืžึผึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืงื•ึนืœ ื™ึทืฆึฐื”ึดื™ืจ: "ืœึธืขึทื“, ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึฐืžึตื™ ืขึทื“!", ื•ึฐืึธื– ื™ึดืชึฐืขื•ึนืจึตืจ ื•ึฐืึถืช ื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทื ึผึฐืคึธืฉืื•ึนืช ื”ึทืคึผื•ึนืขึฒืœื•ึนืช ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื–ื•ึนื›ึตืจ. ืึธื“ึธื ื›ึผึปืœึผื•ึน ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผืงึธื” ื™ึธืฉืึดื™ืจ ื‘ึผึฐืœึทื”ึทื˜ ืคึผึดื™ึผื•ึผื˜ ืฉืึถื ึผึดืฉืึฐืžึธืชื•ึน ืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ื™ื•ึนื“ึทืขึทืช; ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึทืฆึฐืœึดื™ืฃ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืื•ึนื˜ ืขึทืœ ื’ึผื•ึผืฃ ื“ึผึธื•ึถื” ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืžึตื‘ึดื™ืŸ ืžึธื” ื”ึทื‘ึผึทืžึผึทืื™ ืžึฐืฆึทื•ึผึถื”. ืžึดื™ ื”ึธืึปืžึผึธืŸ ื™ื•ึนืฆึตืจ ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนื˜? ืžึตืึทื™ึดืŸ ื‘ึผึธืื•ึผ ื”ึตืžึผึธื” ื”ึทื™ึผึธื“ ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึทื’ึฐืœึตื‘ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึดื›ึผื•ึผ ืึถืช ืจื•ึนืžึธื? ืึตื™ื–ึถื” ืžึดื™ืŸ ืžึทื—ึฒื–ึถื”-ืžื•ึผืกึธืจ ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื”ึดืชึฐื—ื•ึนืœึตืœ ืขึตืช ื‘ึผึฐืจึทื—ึฐืžึธื”ึผ ื”ึตื ึตืฅ ืœื•ึน ืงึทืจึฐืœ, ืžึฐืฉืึทื ึผึถื” ืชึผึตื‘ึตืœ. Meru Civilisation is hooped together, brought Under a rule, under the semblance of peace By manifold illusion; but man's life is thought, And he, despite his terror, cannot cease Ravening through century after century, Ravening, raging, and uprooting that he may come Into the desolation of reality: Egypt and Greece, good-bye, and good-bye, Rome! Hermits upon Mount Meru or Everest, Caverned in night under the drifted snow, Or where that snow and winter's dreadful blast Beat down upon their naked bodies, know That day bring round the night, that before dawn His glory and his monuments are gone. ืžึตืจื•ึผ ืชึผึทืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึผืช ืึฑื ื•ึนืฉื ื”ึตืŸ ืึฒื—ึปื–ึผึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื—ึดืฉึผืื•ึผืงึดื™ื. ื ึฐืชื•ึผื ึธื” ื‘ึผึดื™ื“ึตื™ ืžึทื ึฐื”ึดื™ื’, ื—ึฒืœื•ึนื-ืฉืึธื•ึฐื ืขึทืœ ืฉืึธืœื•ึนื ืฉืึถืขื•ึนื“ ื™ึดื’ึฐื“ึผึทืœ ื ึฐืชื•ึผื ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืึทืฉืึฐืœึธื™ื•ึนืช ืจึทื‘ึผื•ึนืช-ืคึผึธื ึดื™ื, ืึทืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืชึผึฐื‘ื•ึผื ึธื” ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื, ื’ึผึทื ืึดื ื”ึทืคึผึทื—ึทื“ ื™ึฐืงึทื ึผึตืŸ ื‘ึผื•ึน ืœึนื ื™ึถื—ึฐื“ึผึทืœ ืœึดื–ึฐืœึนืœ ื“ึผื•ึนืจ ืึทื—ึทืจ ื“ึผื•ึนืจ ืœึฐืœึนื ืœึตืื•ึผืช ืœึดื–ึฐืœึนืœ, ืœึดื–ึฐืขึนืง ื•ึฐืœึทืขึฒืงึนืจ ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื’ึฐืจึนื ืœึธื”ึผ ืœึทืชึผึตื‘ึตืœ ื—ึปืจึฐื‘ึผึธืŸ; ื™ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืœึฐื”ึถืจึถืก ื”ึทืžึผึฐืฆึดื™ืื•ึผืช. ืฉืึธืœื•ึนื ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐื™ึธื•ึธืŸ, ืฉืึธืœื•ึนื ืœึฐืšึธ ืจื•ึนืžึธื ื”ึทื ึผึฐื–ึดื™ืจึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ืฉื‚ึดื™ื ื”ึทืึตื•ึตืจึตืกึฐื˜, ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืจ ืžึถืจื•ึผ ื‘ึผึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ืชึผึทื—ึทืช ื’ึผึทืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืึถืœึถื’ ื™ึดืชึฐื—ึทืคึผึฐืจื•ึผ ืื•ึน ื‘ึผึทืชึผึดืœึผึดื™ื ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธื ื’ึผึฐืœึดื™ื“ึตื™ ื”ึทืงึผึถืจึทื— ื™ึตืขึธืจึฐืžื•ึผ ื™ื•ึนื“ึฐืขึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ืจื•ึนื“ึตืฃ ื™ื•ึนื, ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืงึตืฅ ื”ึทืœึผึตืœ ืชึผึดืคึฐืึถืจึถืช ืžึดืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉืึดื™ื ื”ึตืŸ ืชึผึตืขึธืœึตื.

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ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™-ื•ื™ืœื™ืื-ื‘ื˜ืœืจ-ื™ื™ื˜ืก-3-william-butler-yeats

ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื˜ืœืจ ื™ื™ื˜ืก - 3 - William Butler Yeats

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืื™ืจื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื˜ืœืจ ื™ื™ื˜ืก (1865 โ€“ 1939), ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉื ืช 1923, ื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืงืกืžื. ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ " ื”ืืจืฅ ", ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช " ืงืฉืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ", " ื’ื’ ", " ืœื™ื˜ืจื˜ื•ืจื” ", " ืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึน " ื•-" ื”ื• !". ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื ืฉื‘ื™ืขืจ" ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืคืจืกื•ืžื, ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ืจื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื. โ€‹ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืจื™ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืืช ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื• ืึฒื ึดื™ ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท: ื’ึผื•ึนืจึธืœึดื™ ืœึดื™ ื™ึฐืžึทื ึผึถื” ืึถืช ื™ื•ึนื ืžื•ึนืชึดื™ ืžึตืขึธืœ, ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืขึธื‘ ืœึฐืขึธื‘; ืึถืช ื™ึฐืจึดื™ื‘ึทื™ ืœึทืงึผึฐืจึธื‘ ืึตื™ื ึดื™ ืฉื‚ื•ึนื ึตื ืžึตื’ึตืŸ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืขึทืœ ืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ืึนื”ึทื‘; ืงึดื™ืœึฐื˜ึทืจึฐื˜ึทืŸ ืงึฐืจื•ึนืก ื”ึดื™ื ืœึดื™ ืžึธื—ื•ึนื– ื•ึธืึตื, ื•ึฐืฉืึธื ืึถื—ึทื™, ื“ึผึทืœึผึดื™ื ื•ึทืขึฒื ึดื™ึผึดื™ื, ืฉืึถืžึผึทืคึผึธืœึธื” ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ ืœึนื ืชึผึฐืึทืžึฐืœึฐืœึตื ื”ึถืฉึผื‚ึตื’ ืึถืช ื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ื”ึถื ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ ืœึนึนื ื™ึทื ึฐืขึดื™ื. ืœึดืœึฐื—ึนื ื™ึธืฆึทึธืืชึดื™ ืœึนื ืžึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ืœึนื ืฆึทื• ืงึฐืจึธืึทื ึดื™, ืœึนื ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผืื•ึนืช ืงึธื”ึธืœ. ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผืงึธื” ืคึผึฐื ึดื™ืžึดื™ืช ื”ึดื™ื ื–ื•ึน ืฉืึถื“ึผึธื—ึฒืคึธื” ืื•ึนืชึดื™ ืึถืœ ืฉึนืึฐืื•ึนืŸ ืขึธื‘ึดื™ื, ืœึธื˜ื•ึผืก ืึถืœ ืขึธืœ. ืึถืช ืžึทืึฒื–ึทืŸ-ื—ึทื™ึผึทื™ ืขึธืจึทื›ึฐืชึผึดื™, ื•ึธืึทื—ึฐืœึดื™ื˜: ืขึธืชึดื™ื“ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึดื™ ื›ึผึทื—ึฒืœื•ื ื™ึธืขื•ึผืฃ ื’ึผึทื ืขึฒื‘ึธืจึดื™ ืขึธื‘ึทืจ ื‘ึผึฐืœึนื ืชึผึทื›ึฐืœึดื™ืช ืžื•ึผืœ ืึตืœึผึถื” ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื–ึถื” ื”ึทืกึผื•ึนืฃ. โ€‹An Irish Airman foresees his Death I know that I shall meet my fate Somewhere among the clouds above; Those that I fight I do not hate, Those that I guard I do not love; My country is Kiltartan Cross, My countrymen Kiltartanโ€™s poor, No likely end could bring them loss Or leave them happier than before. Nor law, nor duty bade me fight, Nor public men, nor cheering crowds, A lonely impulse of delight Drove to this tumult in the clouds; I balanced all, brought all to mind, The years to come seemed waste of breath, A waste of breath the years behind In balance with this life, this death. โ€‹ื›ื™ ื™ืืคื™ืจ ืจืืฉืš ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึทืึฒืคึดื™ืจ ืจึธืืฉืึตืšึฐ ืžึดื›ึผึนืœ ืชึผึฐืžื•ึผืจื•ึนืช ื”ึธืขึตืช ืžื•ึผืœ ืึธื—, ืงึฐื—ึดื™ ืœึฐื™ึธื“ึตืšึฐ ืึถืช ื–ึถื” ื”ึทืกึตืคึถืจ, ื•ึฐื”ึทืขึฒืœึดื™ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื“ึผึฐืžื•ึผืชึตืšึฐ-ืžึตืึธื–, ืจึทื›ึผึทืช ื”ึทืกึผึตื‘ึถืจ, ืฉืึถืขึทืœ ืขึตื™ื ึถื™ื”ึธ ื ึธื— ืฆึตืœ ืึทืฉืึฐืžื•ึผืจื•ึนืช ื›ึผึธื‘ึตื“. ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื ื ึธื˜ื•ึผ ืœึธืšึฐ ื—ึถืกึถื“ ื‘ึผึดืจึฐื’ึธืขึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœ ืืฉืึถืจ, ืžึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึดื‘ึผึทืช ืึฑืžึถืช, ืžึดื™ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผืขื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืœ ืฉืึธื•ึฐื, ืึทืšึฐ ืึถืช ืœึดื‘ึผึตืšึฐ, ืœึตื‘ ื ึทื•ึผึธื“ึดื™ื, ื”ึตืŸ ืจึทืง ืึถื—ึธื“ ืึธื”ึทื‘, ื’ึผึทื ื‘ึผึฐืขึดืชึผื•ึนืช ืชึผื•ึผื’ึธื”, ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐืฉืึปืคึตืšึฐ ืึทืšึฐ ื—ืฉืึถืšึฐ. ื•ึผื›ึฐืฉืึถืชึผึธื›ึนืคึดื™ ืจึนืืฉื ืึถืœ ื’ึผึถื—ึธืœึดื™ื ื›ึผึธื‘ึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื—ึถืจึถืฉื ืชึผึดืกึฐืคึผึฐื“ึดื™ ืœึฐื–ึถื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธื”ึทื‘, ื”ื•ึผื ื™ึฐื”ึทืœึผึตืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ืจึถื›ึถืก-ืจื•ึผื, ื‘ึผึฐืกึตืชึถืจ ืขึธื‘. ื•ึฐืึถืช ืคึผึธื ึธื™ื• ื™ึธืœึถื˜ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืื‘ึถืœ ื›ึผื•ึนื›ึธื‘ึดื™ื. When You are Old WHEN you are old and gray and full of sleep, And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face; And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how love fled And paced among the mountains overhead And hid his face among a crowd of stars. โ€‹ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช ื•ื’'ืง ื”ื ืข-ื•ื ื“ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึดืฆึฐื˜ึทืœึผึตื‘ ื”ึทืžึผึทื‘ึผึธื˜ึดื™ื ืึถืช ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึนืชึทื™ ื™ึทืจึฐืขึดื™ื“, ื›ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึถืึถืช ื“ึผึทืœึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืคึฐืชึผึทื— ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ืœึนื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืฉื‚ึธืจึดื™ื“, ืœึธืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื”, ืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืกึฐืœึดื™ืœ ืคึผึธืจื•ึผื ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืฉืึฐื—ื•ึนืจ ืœึฐืฉืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช. ื›ึผึทืžึผึธื” ื‘ึผื•ึนื“ึตื“ ื”ึดื ึผื•ึน ื”ึทืฆึผึตืœ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ื•ึน ืึถืœ ืึตืœ ืขึถืœึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ; ืึฒื ึดื™ โ€“ ื”ึทืกึผึฐืœึดื™ืœ ืขึทืœ ื”ึถืขึธืคึธืจ, ื’ึผื•ึผืคึดื™ ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ื‘ึผึธืึธืจื•ึนืŸ. ืžึดืฉึผืึธื ืึถื“ึฐืœึนื’ ืึถืœ ืจึถื—ึถื-ืึตื ื˜ึธืžื•ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื•ึน ืื•ึนืจ ืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนืŸ. ืึทืšึฐ ืึดื ืœึฐื‘ึทื“ ืฉืึธื ืึถืฉึผืึธืึตืจ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึดืžึฐืžื•ึนืŸ ืžึดื˜ึผึธื”, ื”ึทืกึผึฐืœึดื™ืœ ืงึฐืฉืึธืจึธื ื•ึผ ืฆึตืœ ืึถืœ ืฆึตืœ ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถืึถืช ื“ึผึทืจึฐื›ึผื•ึน ื”ึดื˜ึผึธื” ื•ึทืึฒื–ึทื™ ื”ึดื’ึผึดื™ืขึท ืขึทื“ ื”ึฒืœื•ึนื, ื“ึผึดื™ื ึดื™ ืœึธืฆึตืืช ืžึตืชึธื”. Crazy Jane and Jack The Journeyman I know, although when looks meet I tremble to the bone, The more I leave the door unlatched The sooner love is gone, For love is but a skein unwound Between the dark and dawn. A lonely ghost the ghost is That to God shall come; I โ€“ loveโ€™s skein upon the ground, My body in the tomb โ€“ Shall leap into the light lost In my motherโ€™s womb. But were I left to lie alone In an empty bed, The skein so bound us ghost to ghost When he turned his head passing on the road that night, Mine must walk when dead.โ€‹ โ€‹ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืขึทืชึผึดื™ืง ื”ึทื’ึผึถืฉืึถืจ, ืึทืฃ ืขึทืชึผึดื™ืง ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ื”ึทืžึผึดื’ึฐื“ึผึธืœ, ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ืึดื›ึผึธืจึดื™ื ื—ื•ึนืžึธื” ืชึผึธื’ึตืŸ ืขึธืœึธื™ื•, ื›ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึทืช ื“ึผึฐืจึธื›ึดื™ื ืจึฐื—ึธื‘ึธื” ื–ึฐืจื•ึผืขึทืช ืกึฐืœึธืขึดื™ื, ืฉืึถืขึทืœ ื’ึผึทื‘ึผึธื” ืฉืื•ึนืฉืึทืŸ ืกึดืžึฐืœึดื™ ื™ึดื’ึฐื“ึผึทืœ. ืงื•ึนืฆึดื™ื, ืึดื™ืœึทืŸ-ื‘ึผื•ึผืงึดื™ืฆึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื–ึดืงึฐื ึทืช ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืžึทืฉึผืึทืง-ื”ึทื’ึผึถืฉืึถื ืฉืึถืงึผื•ึนืœื•ึน ื™ึธื”ึดื™ื ื•ึฐืงื•ึนืœ ืžึทืฉึผืึทื‘-ืจื•ึผื—ื•ึนืช ื•ึผืกึฐืขึธืจื•ึนืช; ื•ึฐืขื•ึนืฃ ื”ึทืžึผึทื™ึดื ืฉืึถื—ื•ึนื–ึตืจ ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทืคึผึถืœึถื’ ืฉืื•ึผื‘ ืขื•ึนื‘ึตืจ ืึฒื—ื•ึผื– ื”ื•ึผื ืคึผึทื—ึทื“ ืžึดืžึผึทืชึผึฐื–ึตื™-ื”ึทืžึผึทื™ึดื ืฉืึถืœ ืชึผึฐืจึตื™ืกึธืจ ืคึผึธืจื•ึนืช; ืคึผึดืชึผื•ึผืœ ืฉืึถืœ ื’ึผึถืจึถื ืžึทื“ึฐืจึตื’ื•ึนืช, ืงึดืžึผื•ึผืจ ืงึดื™ื˜ื•ึนืŸ, ืึธื— ืึฒืคึนืจึธื” ืขึดื ืœึถื”ึธื‘ึธื” ืคึผึฐืชื•ึผื—ึธื”, ืื•ึนืจ ื ึตืจ ื•ึผืœึฐื™ึธื“ื•ึน ืžึฐื’ึดืœึผึธื” ื›ึผึฐืชื•ึผื‘ึธื”: "ืึดื™ืœ ืคึผึถื ึฐืกึถืจื•ึนื–ื•ึน" ื‘ึผึฐื ึนืกึทื— ืึทืคึผึฐืœึธื˜ื•ึนืŸ. ื‘ึผึฐืžึดื™ืŸ ื“ึผึดื™ืจึธื” ื›ึผึธื–ึนืืช ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึผื—ึธื”ึผ ื”ึทื–ึผึทืขึทื ื”ึทื“ึผึถืžื•ึนื ึดื™ ื ึดืชึฐื”ึทื•ึผึธื”. ืึถืช ื–ึนืืช ื™ื•ึนื“ึฐืขึดื™ื ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื‘ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึนืคึถืœ ื”ึทืžึผึฐืึปื—ึธืจื•ึนืช, ื”ึทื ึผึทื•ึผึธื“ึดื™ื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื•ึธืงึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึผึฐืจึดื™ื“ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืจึธืื•ึผ ืึถืช ื ึดื™ืฆื•ึนืฆื•ึนืช ื”ึทื ึผึตืจ ืžึฐื”ึทื‘ึฐื”ึฒื‘ึดื™ื. ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื”ึตื ืฉืึฐื ึทื™ึดื ืฉืึถื™ึผึธืกึฐื“ื•ึผ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน. ืึดื™ืฉื ืžึดืœึฐื—ึธืžึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธืกึทืฃ ืงึฐื‘ื•ึผืฆึทืช ืจื•ึนื›ึฐื‘ึดื™ื, ื™ึธืžึธื™ื• ื‘ึผึดืœึผึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืœึตื‘ ื”ึธืึทืœึผึดื™ืžื•ึผืช ื”ึทืžึผึดืชึฐื’ึผึทืขึถืฉืึถืช, ื‘ึผื•ึน ืงื•ึนืœ ืฆึฐืคึดื™ืจึธื” ื‘ึผึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื™ึดืฉึผืึธืžึทืข ื”ึธืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึผืงึฐื‘ื•ึผืฆึธืชื•ึน ื”ึทืžึผึดืชึฐื›ึผึทืœึผึธื” ืฉืึถืฉึผืึธื›ึฐื—ึธื” ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐื ึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึฐื—ึธื” ืžึดื ึผึถืคึถืฉื; ื•ึฐืึธื ื•ึนื›ึดื™, ืฉืึถื›ึผึธืœ ื™ื•ึนืจึฐืฉืึตื™ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธืฉืึธื” ืฉืึถืœึผึดื™ ืฉืึถืœึผึฐืึทื—ึทืจ ืžื•ึนืชึดื™ ื”ึตืŸ ื™ึฐื’ึทืœึผื•ึผ ืึถืช ืžึทืจ-ืจื•ึผื—ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึดืจึฐืฆื•ึนืชึธื ื™ึฐื”ึทืœึผึฐืœื•ึน ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื›ึผึฐืกึตืžึถืœ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืึตื ืึถืช ื’ึผื•ึนืจึธืœึดื™. โ€‹My House An ancient bridge, and a more ancient tower, A farmhouse that is sheltered by its wall, An acre of stony ground, Where the symbolic rose can break in flower, Old ragged elms, old thorns innumerable, The sound of the rain or sound Of every wind that blows; The stilted water-hen Crossing Stream again Scared by the splashing of a dozen cows; A winding stair, a chamber arched with stone, A grey stone fireplace with an open hearth, A candle and written page. Il Penseroso's Platonist toiled on In some like chamber, shadowing forth How the daemonic rage Imagined everything. Benighted travellers From markets and from fairs Have seen his midnight candle glimmering. Two men have founded here. A man-at-arms Gathered a score of horse and spent his days In this tumultuous spot, Where through long wars and sudden night alarms His dwinding score and he seemed castaways Forgetting and forgot; And I, that after me My bodily heirs may find, To exalt a lonely mind, Befitting emblems of adversity.

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ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™-ื•ื™ืœื™ืื-ื‘ื˜ืœืจ-ื™ื™ื˜ืก-8-william-butler-yeats

ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื˜ืœืจ ื™ื™ื˜ืก - 8 - William Butler Yeats

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืื™ืจื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื˜ืœืจ ื™ื™ื˜ืก (1865 โ€“ 1939), ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉื ืช 1923, ื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืงืกืžื. ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ " ื”ืืจืฅ ", ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช " ืงืฉืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ", " ื’ื’ ", " ืœื™ื˜ืจื˜ื•ืจื” ", " ืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึน " ื•-" ื”ื• !". ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื ืฉื‘ื™ืขืจ" ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืคืจืกื•ืžื, ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ืจื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื. โ€‹ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ I ืžึธื” ืึถืขึฑืฉื‚ึถื” ืขึดื ื”ึทืžึผึทื”ึฒืชึทืœึผึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช โ€“ ืึฒื”ึธื”ึผ, ืœึดื‘ึผึดื™, ื”ึธื”ึผ ืœึตื‘ ื’ึผื•ึนืขึตืฉื โ€“ ืžึทืจึฐืึถื” ืขึดื•ึฐืขึดื™ื ืชึผึฐืงึธืคึทื ึดื™. ืžึดื™ืŸ ืชึผึฐืงื•ึผืคึทืช ืชึผึฐืฉืึดื™ืฉืื•ึผืช ืฉืึถื ึผึดืฆึฐืžึฐื“ึธื” ืึตืœึทื™ ื›ึผึฐืึถืœ ื–ึฐื ึธื‘ื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ื›ึผึถืœึถื‘? ืœึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึดื™ ืžึตืขื•ึนืœึธื ื“ึผึดืžึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ืกื•ึนืขึตืจ ื›ึผึธืœ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ, ื ึดืœึฐื”ึธื‘ ื›ึผึธืœ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื—ื•ึผืฉืึดื™ื ืžึฐื—ึปื“ึผึธื“ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึดื™ื ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผืงึธื” ืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึผึปืคึฐืœึธื ื•ึฐื”ึทืกึผึธืžื•ึผื™ ืžึตืขึทื™ึดืŸ โ€“ ืœึนื ื‘ึผึดื ึฐืขื•ึผืจึทื™, ื‘ึผึฐื•ึทื“ึผึทืื™, ืขึตืช ืขึดื ืคึผึดืชึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ-ื—ึทื›ึผึธื” ื˜ึดืคึผึทืกึฐืชึผึดื™ ื›ึผึฐื—ึนื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึถืชึถืฃ ื”ึทืจ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื‘ึผึทืœึฐื‘ึผึตืŸ ืœึดืฉืึฐื”ื•ึนืช ืฉืึธื ื™ื•ึนื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืžึฐืฉืึทืšึฐ ื›ึผึดืฉื‚ึฐืจื•ึนืšึฐ ืึธืจึนืšึฐ ื“ึผื•ึนืžึถื” ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธืึธื” ืขึตืช ืฉืึถืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผื•ึผื–ึธื” ืึฒื’ึธืจึตืฉื. ืึถื‘ึฐื—ึทืจ ืึดื™ืฉืึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืึทืคึผึฐืœึธื˜ื•ึนืŸ ืื•ึน ืคึผึฐืœื•ึผื˜ึดื™ื ื•ึนืก ืœึฐืจึตืขึทื™ ืขึทื“ ื“ึผึดืžึฐื™ื•ึนื ึดื™, ืขึตื™ื ึทื™ ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื—ื•ึผืฉืึทื™ ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ื™ึดืกึฐืชึผึทืคึผึฐืงื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐื˜ึดืขื•ึผื ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืคึฐืฉืึธื˜ื•ึนืช, ืื•ึน ืึถืชึฐื‘ึผึทื–ึผึถื” ืœึธืขึทื“ ื‘ึผึฐื’ึดื™ืŸ ืงึปืžึฐืงื•ึผื ืžึฐืงึทืฉืึฐืงึตืฉื ืฉืึถืœึผึฐืจึทื’ึฐืœึทื™ ื ึดืฆึฐืžึทื“. II ืึฒื ึดื™ ืฆื•ึนืขึตื“ ืœึฐื™ึทื“ ืขึถืžึฐื“ื•ึนืช ื”ึทื™ึผึถืจึดื™ ืœึฐืึดื˜ึผึดื™, ืึถืœ ื™ึฐืกื•ึนื“ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึธืชึผึดื™ื ืฉืึธืœื•ึผื—ึท ืžึทื‘ึผึธื˜ึดื™, ืื•ึน ืœึฐื’ึถื–ึทืข ืขึตืฅ ื”ึทืžึผึดื–ึฐื“ึผึทืงึผึตืจ ื–ึฐืงื•ึผืฃ ื’ึผึตื• ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืงึผึทืจึฐืงึทืข, ื›ึผึฐืึถืฆึฐื‘ึผึทืข-ืึตืคึถืจ ืžึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทืจึฐื‘ึผึตื‘. ืฉืื•ึนืœึตื—ึท ื“ึผึดืžึฐื™ื•ึนื ึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืื•ึนืจ ืฉืึฐืงึดื™ืขึธื” ืขื•ึนืžึตื ื•ึผืžึทืขึฒืœึถื” ืชึผึฐืžื•ึผื ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึนืช ืžึตื”ึฒืจึดื™ืกื•ึนืช, ืขึดื™ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึดื™ืœึธื ื•ึนืช. ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืึตืœื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐืึทืžึฐืชึผึทื—ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืžึฐื™ึปืขึธื“ื•ึนืช ืœึธื”ึถื. ืžึตืขึตื‘ึถืจ ืœึทืคึผึดืกึฐื’ึผึธื” ื—ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื‘ึถืจึถืช ืคึฐืจึถื ึฐืฅ'. ืคึผึทืขึทื ืึทื—ึทืช ืขึตืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืคึผึธืžื•ึนื˜ ืฉืึถืœ ื›ึผึถืกึถืฃ ืžึฐืžึนืจึธื˜ ื”ึตืึดื™ืจ ืึถืช ื’ึผื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึธื”ึธื’ื•ึนื ึดื™ ื•ึฐืึถืช ื›ึผึฐืœึตื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื›ึธืจ ืงึธื ืœื• ืึทื—ึทื“ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธืจึธืชึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึตื—ึทืŸ ื‘ึผึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื ึธื” ืœึฐืœึตื‘ ื’ึผึฐื‘ึดืจึฐืชึผื•ึน, ื™ึธื“ึทืข ืจึฐืฆื•ึนื ึธื”ึผ ื™ึธืฆึธื ืขึดื ืžึทื–ึฐืžึตืจึธื”, ื•ึฐื—ึดื™ืฉื ื’ึผึธื–ึทื ืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ ืึดื›ึผึธืจ ืึถื—ึธื“ ื—ึธืฆื•ึผืฃ ืžึดืžึผึฐืงื•ึนืžึธืŸ ืึทืฃ ื”ึฑื‘ึดื™ืึธืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื›ื•ึนืก ื›ึผึฐืกื•ึผื™ึธื” ืึถืœ ืฉืึปืœึฐื—ึธื ึธื”ึผ. ื–ึนืืช ืœึนื ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื ื™ื•ึนื“ึฐืขึดื™ื ืึทืšึฐ ื‘ึผึถื”ึฑื™ื•ึนืชึดื™ ืฆึธืขึดื™ืจ ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื‘ึผึทืช-ืึดื›ึผึธืจึดื™ื ื™ึธืคึธื”, ื—ึดื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึผ ืฉืึดื™ืจ ื‘ึผึตื™ืชึธื”ึผ ืขึธืžึทื“ ืึตื™-ืฉืึธื ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทืกึผึฐืœึธืขึดื™ื ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื ืฉืึดื‘ึผึฐื—ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืงึทื•ึผึตื™ ืคึผึธื ึถื™ื”ึธ ื”ึทื ึผึธืึดื™ื. ืึทื ึฐืฉืึตื™ ื™ึธืจึดื™ื“ ื”ึตืคึดื™ืงื•ึผ ื”ึฒื ึธืึธื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึธื—ึดื™ื ื˜ึดื™ื‘ึธื ืฉืึถืœ ืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึนืชึธื ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ื”ึตื ืฉืื•ึนื›ึฐื—ึดื™ื ืึตื™ืšึฐ ื ึดื“ึฐื—ึฒืงื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืกึดืžึฐื˜ึธืื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึผืง, ื›ึผึดืชึผึฐืจื•ึผ ื’ึผื•ึผืคึธื”ึผ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึดื™ ืฉืึดื™ืจ ืชึผึฐื”ึดืœึผึธื” ื•ึธืฉืึถื‘ึทื— ืึฒืคึธืคึธื”ึผ. ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืฉืึถืžึผึดืŸ ื”ึทืฉึผืึดื™ืจ ื ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึทืœึผึฐืขึธื” ื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึธื, ืื•ึน ืฉืึถืžึผึธื ื ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึทืฉึผื‚ึฐืžื•ึผ, ืขึธื‘ึฐืจื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ืžึดื“ึผึธืชึธื, ื”ึตื ืงึธืžื•ึผ ื•ึฐื“ึธืจึฐืฉืื•ึผ, ืชึผึธื‘ึฐืขื•ึผ ืึถืช ืžึฐืœื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึฐื›ื•ึผืช ืœึดื‘ึฐื—ึนืŸ ืึดื ื“ึผึดืžึฐื™ื•ึนื ึธื ืชึผื•ึนืึตื ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึฐืฆึดื™ืื•ึผืช. ืึทืšึฐ ื‘ึผึดืจึฐืื•ึนืชึธื ืึถืช ื–ึนื”ึทืจ ื”ึทืœึผึฐื‘ึธื ึธื” ื—ึธืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ื”ื•ึผื ืึถืœึผึธื ืื•ึนืจ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื, ื”ึทืžึผึทื ึฐื’ึผึดื™ื ึธื” ื”ึธืœึฐืžึธื” ื‘ึผึธื”ึถื ืขึทื“ ืชึผึนื, ืึถื—ึธื“ ืžึตื”ึถื ื˜ึธื‘ึทืข ื‘ึผึทืžึผึทื“ึฐืžึตื ึธื”. ื›ึผื•ึนืชึตื‘ ื”ึทืฉึผืึดื™ืจ ืึธื‘ึฐื“ึธื” ืจึฐืึดื™ึผึธืชื•ึน. ืžื•ึผื–ึธืจ. ื–ึถื” ืœึนื ื™ึฐื”ึตื ืžื•ึผื–ึธืจ ืึดื ืึทืšึฐ ืชึผึทื‘ึผึดื™ื˜ื•ึผ ืœึถืขึธื‘ึธืจ. ื”ึตืŸ "ืžึทื—ึฒื–ึตื” ื”ึทื™ึผึฐื’ื•ึนื ึดื™ื" ื”ึทืคึผึดื™ึผื•ึผื˜ึดื™ ืึตื™-ืึธื– ื ึดืคึฐืชึผึทื— ื‘ึผึฐื”ื•ึนืžึถืจื•ึผืก ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืžึฐืื•ึนืจ-ืขึตื™ื ึธื™ื• ื“ึผึธืขึทืšึฐ. ื”ึตืœึตื ึธื” ื”ึตืŸ ื‘ึผึธื’ึฐื“ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทืœึผึฐื‘ึธื‘ื•ึนืช ืึฒื”ึธื”ึผ, ืœื•ึผ ืื•ึนืจ ื—ึทืžึผึธื”, ืื•ึนืจ ืœึฐื‘ึธื ึธื” ื•ึผืฉืึฐืึธืจ ืื•ึนืจื•ึนืช ื”ึธืคึฐื›ื•ึผ ื™ึตืฉืื•ึผืช ืึทื—ึทืช ืœึฐืœึนื ื’ึผึฐื‘ื•ึผืœื•ึนืช, ื‘ึผึฐื ึดืฆึฐื—ื•ึนื ึดื™ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ืึทื˜ึฐืจึดื™ืฃ ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ึผื•ึนืช. ื‘ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื™ึธื“ึทื™ ื‘ึผึธืจึธืืชึดื™ ืึถืช ื”ึทื ึฐืจึธื”ึธืŸ ื›ึผึฐื’ึดื‘ึผื•ึนืจ, ื‘ึผึทืขึฒืœื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื—ึทืจ ื”ื•ึผื ืกึปืœึผึทืง ืคึผึดื›ึผึตื—ึท ืื•ึน ืฉืึดื›ึผื•ึนืจ ื’ึผึนืจึทืฉื ืžึดื›ึผึธืืŸ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืกึผึฐื‘ึดื™ื‘ึธื” ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืฆึฐืจึดื™ืฃ ื•ึผื‘ึดืงึฐืชึผึธื” ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื–ึผึธืงึตืŸ ืจึทื‘-ืžึธื’ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ืชึผึธืคึทืก ื‘ึผึดืœึฐื”ึธื˜ึธื™ื•. ื ึดืœึฐื›ึผึทื“ ื”ึธืึดื™ืฉื, ืฆึธืขึทื“, ืžึธืขึทื“, ืจึธืขึทื“ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืคึผึดื ึผึธื”. ื ื•ึนืชึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึฐืจึนืขึท ืžึทื–ึผึธืœื•ึน ืจึทืง ืึตื™ื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผืจึดื™ื ื›ึผึทืžึผึธื” ื–ึทื”ึฒืจื•ึผืจึตื™ ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผืงึธื” ืจึธืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐื ื•ึนืจึธืึดื™ื ืกึดืคึผื•ึผืจ ื—ึทื™ึผึธื™ื• ื˜ึธื•ึดื™ืชึดื™ ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื”. ื›ึผึทืช ื‘ึผึดืจึฐื™ื•ึนื ึดื™ื ื˜ึธืจึฐืคื•ึผ ืงึฐืœึธืคึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ืึธืกึธื ื™ึธืฉืึธืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื‘ื•ึนื ืชึผื•ึนืจื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึทื–ึผึธืงึตืŸ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”, ื”ึทื—ื•ึผืœึดื™ื’ึธืŸ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื‘ึผึดืœึฐื”ึธื˜ึดื™ื, ื›ึผึดืฉึผืึตืฃ ืงึฐืœึธืคึดื™ื ื—ื•ึผืฅ ืžึตืึถื—ึธื“ ืฉืึถื”ึฒืคึธื›ื•ึน ืขึตื“ึถืจ ื›ึผึฐืœึธื‘ึดื™ื. ืœึนื ื—ึฒืคึดื™ืกึทืช ืงึฐืœึธืคึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื–ึถื” ื”ึทืงึผึฐืœึธืฃ ื”ึทื™ึผึฐื—ึดื™ื“ึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึดืฉึผืื•ึผืคึธื™ื• ื”ึธืคึทืšึฐ ืึทืจึฐื ึธื‘. ื”ึทื ึฐืจึธื”ึธืŸ ืงึธื-ื–ึดื ึผึตืง ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึดืจึฐื‘ึผึธืฅ ื•ึฐื”ึดืฆึฐื˜ึธืจึตืฃ ื’ึผึทื ื”ื•ึผื ืึถืœ ืขึตื“ึถืจ ื”ึทื™ึผึฐืฆื•ึผืจึดื™ื ื”ึธืจึธืฅ. ืจึธืฅ ืœึดืงึฐืจึทืืช ืžึธื”? โ€“ ืฉืึธื›ึทื—ึฐืชึผึดื™ โ€“ ืึทืšึฐ ืึฒื ึดื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ืœึดื–ึฐื›ึผึนืจ ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึทื–ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืจ ืึธื“ึธื ืึถื—ึธื“ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ืึธื”ึทื‘ ืœึนื ืจึทืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึดื™ืจ, ื’ึผึดื–ึผื•ึผื ื‘ึผึฐื“ึทืœ ืึนื–ึถืŸ ืฉืึถืœ ืื•ึนื™ึตื‘ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืื•ึน ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ ืœึนื ื”ึดื˜ึฐืจึดื™ื“ ื•ึฐืœึนื ืฉืื•ึนื‘ึตื‘. ื“ึผึฐืžื•ึผืช ืฉืึถื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื ื•ึนืฉื‚ึตื ืœึฐืึทื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืช ืึทืšึฐ ืึตื™ืŸ ืึทืฃ ืœึนื ืฉืึธื›ึตืŸ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธืขึดื™ื“ ื›ึผึทื“ึผึธืช ืžึธืชึทื™ ืžึตืช ื”ึธืึธื“ื•ึนืŸ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึถืœ ืคึผึฐืฉืึดื™ื˜ึทืช ืจึทื’ึฐืœื•ึน ืึธื‘ึทื“ ืœื•ึน ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืช. ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทื”ึถืจึถืก, ื“ึผื•ึนืจ ื ึธืงึทืฃ ื•ึผื‘ึธื ืงึฐืฉืื•ึผื—ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืžึทื“ึผึตื™ื”ึถื ืขึธืœื•ึผ ืึทื ึฐืฉืึตื™ ืฆึธื‘ึธื ื‘ึผึฐืœื•ึผืœ ืžึทื“ึฐืจึตื’ื•ึนืช ืขึธืœื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึดืจึฐื™ื•ึนื ึธื ื•ึฐื”ึดืฆึฐื˜ึธืจึฐืคื•ึผ ืึถืœ ื—ึทื‘ึฐืจึตื™ื”ึถื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ืฉืึธื. ืคึผึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ื”ึตืŸ ื‘ึผึดืจึฐืฉืื•ึผืžื•ึนืช ืงื•ึนืจื•ึนืช ื”ึธืขึตืช ืฉืึฐืžื•ึผืจึดื™ื ื”ึดื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ ื‘ึผึถื—ึธื–ึถื” ืžื•ึผืจึธื, ื‘ึผึฐืงื•ึนืœ ืฆึฐื•ึธื—ึธื” ื›ึผึธืœ ืึดื™ืฉื ื™ึธืฉืึตืŸ ื”ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืชื•ึผ ืžึดืžึผึฐื ื•ึผื—ึธื” ื”ึดื›ึผื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืขึนื– ืขึทืœ ืœื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึดืžึผื•ึผืจึดื™ื. ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื ืึถื—ึฐืงึนืจ, ื™ึธื‘ื•ึนื ืœึฐื›ึธืืŸ ื›ึผึธืœ ืึดื™ืฉื ื”ึธื‘ึดื™ืื•ึผ ืœึดื™ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึทื‘ึผึดื™ืจ ื”ึทื“ึผึทืœ ื•ึฐื”ึทื™ึผึธืฉืึดื™ืฉื ืึถืช ื”ึทืกึผื•ึผืžึธื ื”ึทืžึผึฐืฉืื•ึนืจึตืจ, ื”ึทืœึผึตืœ ืฉืึธืจ ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึดื™ืจึดื™ื ื”ึธืึทื“ึฐืžื•ึนื ึดื™ ืฉืึถื”ึทืงึผื•ึนืกึตื ืฉืึดืœึผึฐื—ื•ึน ืึถืœ ืึฒืคึธืจึดื™ื, ื•ึผื’ึฐื‘ึถืจึถืช ืคึฐืจึถื ึฐืฅ' ื”ึทืžึผึฐื”ึปืœึผึธืœึธื” ืฉืึถื—ึธื’ึฐื’ึธื” ืžึทืชึผึธืช ืฉืึถื‘ึผื•ึน ื–ึปื›ึผึฐืชึธื” โ€“ ืึธื–ึฐื ื•ึน ื”ึธืขึฒื ึปื’ึผึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ื™ึฐืจึดื™ื‘ึธื”ึผ, ื•ึฐื–ึถื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื˜ึธื‘ึทืข ื‘ึผึทืžึผึฐืฆื•ึผืœึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึธื– ืœึทืžึผื•ึผื–ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธื—ึฒืจื•ึผ ื‘ึผึทืช ื›ึผึฐืคึธืจ ืœึฐื”ึทืœึผึฐืœึธื”ึผ. ื–ึดืงึฐื ึตื™ ืขึทื, ืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื, ื ึธืฉืึดื™ื, ื“ึผึทืœึผึดื™ื ื•ึทืขึฒืฉืึดื™ืจึดื™ื ืœึฐืฆึทื“ ื“ึผึทืœึฐืชึผึดื™ ื—ึธืœึฐืคื•ึผ, ื”ึธืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ื”ึถื”ึธืจึดื™ื, ืงึณื‘ึธืœ ืขึทื ืื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐืกึตืชึถืจ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื˜ึดื™ื ึธื” ื›ึผึธืžื•ึนื ึดื™ ื”ึทื–ึผื•ึนืขึตื ืขึทืชึผึธื” ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื–ึผึดืงึฐื ึธื”. ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ืชึผึดืžึฐืฆึธื ืจึทืง ื‘ึผึฐืžึทื‘ึผึธื˜ ื ึดื›ึฐืึธื‘ ื”ึทืžึผึฐื‘ึทืงึผึตืฉื ืœึธืงื•ึผื ื•ึฐืœึทืขึฒืจึนืง, ืœึฐื”ึดืกึฐืชึผึทืœึผึตืง ืžึดื›ึผึธืืŸ. ืœึตืšึฐ ืœึฐืฉืึธืœื•ึนื, ืึทืšึฐ ืึถืœ ืชึผึดืงึผึทื— ืึดืชึผึฐืšึธ ืึถืช ื”ึทื ึฐืจึธื”ึธืŸ, ืฉืึถื™ึผึดืฉึผืึธืึตืจ, ืึฒื ึดื™ ื–ึธืงื•ึผืง ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึนืชึธื™ื•. ืึถืœ ืžึดื™ ื™ึดื“ึผื•ึนื“ ื”ึทืœึผึตื‘ ื‘ึผึทื”ึฒื–ึธื™ื•ึนืช ืœึตื™ืœึฐืšึธ? ืึถืœ ื–ื•ึน ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐื™ึธื“ึฐืšึธ, ืื•ึน ื–ื•ึน ืฉืึถื ึผึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึฐื—ึธื”? ืึดื ืœึดืฉืึฐื›ื•ึผื—ึธื”ึผ ื™ึดื“ึผื•ึนื“, ื”ื•ึนื“ึตื”-ื ึธื ื‘ึผึดื™ืฉืึดื™ืจื•ึผืช ืขึทืœ ืฉืึถื”ึดืคึฐื ึตื™ืชึธ ืขึธืจึฐืคึผึฐืšึธ ืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึผึธื‘ื•ึนืšึฐ ืžึดื™ึผึฐื”ึดื™ืจื•ึผืช, ืžึดืžึผึนืจึถืšึฐ ืœึตื‘ ืื•ึน ืžึดืžึผึทื—ึฐืฉืึถื‘ึถืช-ืฉืึธื•ึฐื ืชึผึฐืคึตืœึธื”. ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ืžึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ืžึธื” ืฉืึถืขึทื“ ืึธื– ื ึดืงึฐืจึธื ืžึทืฆึฐืคึผื•ึผืŸ. ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึทืžึผึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ ื”ึทื–ึผึดื›ึผึธืจื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืœึดืงึผื•ึผื™ึธื”ึผ ืชึผึดื“ึผึนื ืขึทื“ ื‘ึผื•ึนื ื”ึธืึฒืคึตืœึธื”. III ื”ึดื’ึผึดื™ืขึธื” ืขึตืช ืฉืึถืฆึผึทื•ึผึธืึธื” ืœึดื™ ืึฒื—ึทื‘ึผึตืจ. ืึถื‘ึฐื—ึทืจ ืœึดื™ ืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ื™ึดืฉืึฐืจึตื™ ื’ึผึตื• ื•ึฐืงื•ึนืžึธื” ื™ื•ึนื“ึฐืขึตื™-ื˜ึทืคึผึตืก ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืขึฒืœึตื” ื”ึทื ึผึทื—ึทืœ ืขึทื“ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึถืœ ืจื•ึผื ื”ึทืžึผึทืคึผึธืœึดื™ื ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ. ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถืชึผึตืฆึตื ื—ึทืžึผึธื” ืžึดื ึผึทืจึฐืชึผึดื™ืงึธื”ึผ ื™ึธื˜ึดื™ืœื•ึผ ื”ึตื ืึถืช ื—ึทื›ึผึธืชึธื ืœึฐืฆึทื“ ืึทื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื—ื•ึนืฃ ืจึฐื˜ึปื‘ึผื•ึนืช; ื•ึฐื›ึธืืŸ ืึทืฆึฐื”ึดื™ืจ ืฉืึถืึถืช ื’ึผึทืึฒื•ึธืชึดื™ ืœึธื”ึถื ืึทื ึฐื—ึดื™ืœ, ื”ึดื™ื ืชึผึฐืœึทื•ึผึถื” ืื•ึนืชึธื. ื—ึธืคึฐืฉืึดื™ื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ืžึตื”ึถืงึฐืฉืึตืจึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœ ืžึฐื“ึดื™ื ึธื” ื•ึฐืขึดื™ืจ ืœึฐืœึนื ื–ึดืงึผึธื” ืœึทืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึปื›ึผื•ึผ ืขึทื“ ื–ื•ึนื‘-ื“ึผึธืžึธื ื’ึผึทื ืœึนื ืึถืœ ื”ึถืขึธืจึดื™ืฅ ืฉืึถืžึผึทื’ึฐืœึตื‘ื•ึน ื”ึตืขึดื™ืจ ืื•ึนืชึธื. ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื, ืžึดื—ึถื‘ึถืœ ื‘ึผึตืจึฐืง ื•ึผืžึดื’ึผึฐืจึทื˜ึผึธืŸ ืฉืึถืžึผึตืจึฐืฆื•ึนื ึธื ื ึธืชึฐื ื•ึผ ื’ึผึทืึฒื•ึธืชึธื, ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ืœึฐืกึธืจึตื‘ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืœึดื™ ืœึดืฉืึฐื”ื•ึนืช, ืžึทืžึผึธืฉื ื›ึผึดื‘ึฐืขึตืช ืฉืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ืขึตืช ืื•ึนืจ ื—ึทืžึผึธื” ื—ื•ึนืคึตื– ื‘ึผึฐื—ึตืคึถืฅ ืœึตื‘ ืื•ึน ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐืขึตืช ืฉืึถืžึผึดืชึฐื’ึผึทืœึผึธื” ื”ึทืงึผึถืจึถืŸ ื”ึทืคึผึดืœึฐืึดื™ืช, ืื•ึน ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึทืช ืžึธื˜ึธืจ-ืคึผึดืชึฐืึนื ืœึฐืึทื—ึทืจ ืฉืึถืึฒืคึดื™ืงื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึธืงื•ึนืจ ื—ึธืจึทื‘ ืื•ึน ื›ึผึดื‘ึฐืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืฉืึธืขึธื” ืžึดืฉึผืึฐืขื•ึนืช ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื‘ึผึทืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึผืจ ืœื•ึนื˜ึตืฉื ืึถืช ื–ื•ึผื’ ืขึตื™ื ึธื™ื• ื•ึผื‘ึฐืื•ึนืจ ืฉืึฐืงึดื™ืขึธื” ื“ึผื•ึนืขึตืšึฐ ืื•ึนืชึธื ื ื•ึนืขึตืฅ ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืœึธืฉืื•ึผื˜ ืœึฐืึนืจึถืšึฐ ืžึตื™ ื’ึผึทืœึผึดื™ื, ื ึฐื˜ื•ึผื™ ื’ึผึธืจื•ึนืŸ, ืขึทื“ ืกื•ึนืฃ ืงึธืฆึตื”ื•ึผ ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึทื–ึผึถืจึถื ื”ึทื ึผื•ึนืฆึตืฅ ืœึธืฉืึดื™ืจ ืฉืึธื ืึถืช ืฉืึดื™ืจื•ึน ื”ึธืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนืŸ. ื•ึฐื’ึทื ืขึถืงึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืึฑืžื•ึผื ึธืชึดื™ ื›ึผึธืืŸ ืึฒื’ึทืœึผึถื”: ืžึทื—ึฐืฉืึถื‘ึถืช ืคึผึฐืœื•ึผื˜ึดื™ื ื•ึนืก ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืœึดื™ ืœึฐื–ึธืจึธื ื•ึฐื”ึธื’ื•ึผืชื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ืึทืคึผึฐืœึธื˜ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืขึตื™ื ึทื™ ืขึธืœึถื” ื ึดื“ึผึธืฃ. ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึธื•ึถืช ืจึทืง ืึธื“ึธื ื‘ึผึธืฉื‚ึธืจ-ื•ึธื“ึธื ืื•ึนืชึธื ื‘ึผึธืจึธื, ื”ื•ึผื ืขึฒืฉื‚ึธืึธื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึทืกึผึธื“ ืขึทื“ ื”ึทื˜ึผึฐืคึธื—ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึผื—ึท ื ึดืฉืึฐืžึธืชื•ึน ื”ึทืžึผึฐืจึดื™ืจึธื”, ืึธื›ึตืŸ, ื—ึทืžึผึธื” ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธื ึธื” ื›ึผื•ึนื›ึธื‘ึตื™-ืึตืœ ืœึฐืคึธื—ื•ึนืช ื”ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื›ึผึทืžึผึธื” ื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”: ื’ึผึทื ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ืžื•ึนืชึตื ื•ึผ ืขื•ึนื“ ื ึถื—ึดื™. ื ึธืงื•ึผื, ื ึทื—ึฒืœึนื ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ื ึดื‘ึฐืจึธื ืœึฐืžึทืขึฒื ึตื ื•ึผ ืžึดื™ืŸ ื’ึผึทืŸ-ืขึตื“ึถืŸ ื™ึฐืจึตื—ึดื™. ืึฒื ึดื™ ื›ึผื•ึนื ึทื ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืœึดื™ ืฉืึทืœึฐื•ึธื” ืขึดื ืคึผึฐืจึดื™ ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ืžึดืฉึผื‚ึฐื“ื•ึนืช ืึดื™ื˜ึทืœึฐื™ึธื” ื”ึทื™ึผึธืคึธื” ื”ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ืึถืช ื’ึผึฐืื•ึนืŸ ื”ึธืึฒื‘ึธื ึดื™ื ืžึดืฉึผื‚ึฐื“ื•ึนืช ื™ึธื•ึธืŸ ื—ึฒื–ื•ึนืŸ ืžึฐืฉืื•ึนืจึฐืจึดื™ื. ื•ึฐืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื” ื•ึฐื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐืœึดื‘ึผึดื™ ืึฒื ึดื™ ื ื•ึนืฆึตืจ, ื–ึดื›ึฐืจึตื™ ืžึดืœึผึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธืฆึฐืื•ึผ ืžึดืคึผึดื™ ื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ื•ึผืฉืึฐืึธืจ ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืžึตื”ึถื ืึธื“ึธื ื™ื•ึนืฆึตืจ ืึถืช ืงึดื™ึผื•ึผืžื•ึน โ€“ ืงึดื™ึผื•ึผื ืขึทืœ-ืึฑื ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ ื—ึฒืœื•ึนื ืขึดื ื“ึผึฐืžื•ึผืช-ืจึฐืึดื™ ืึธื– ื”ื•ึผื ืžึตืงึดื™ื. ืžึทืžึผึธืฉื ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถื‘ึผึดื ึฐืงึตื‘ึดื™ ื”ึทืงึผึดื™ืจ ื”ึธืขึธื‘ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืจึฐื‘ึธื ึดื™ื ืฆื•ึนื•ึฐื—ึดื™ื ื•ึฐืฆื•ึนืขึฒืงึดื™ื ืฉืื•ึนืžึฐื˜ึดื™ื ื”ึตื ื–ึถืจึถื“-ื–ึถืจึถื“ ืขึทืœ ืขึธื ึธืฃ. ื•ึผื›ึฐืฉืึถืฉึผืึธืœึฐืžึธื” ื”ึธืขึฒืจึตืžึธื”, ืชึผึธื‘ื•ึนื ื•ึผืชึฐืงึทื ึผึตืŸ ืœึธื”ึผ ืึตื-ื”ึทืงึผึตืŸ, ืึถืช ืžึฐืงื•ึนืžึธื”ึผ ืขึทืœ ื”ึถื—ึธืœึธืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืคึฐืขึทืจ ืชึผึธื‘ึนืจ, ืึถืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืช-ื”ึทืคึผึถืจึถื ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื›ึทืŸ ืชึผึธื—ึตื ื•ึผืชึฐื—ื•ึนื ึตืŸ. ืึฒื ึดื™ ืžื•ึนืจึดื™ืฉื ื’ึผึทื ื’ึผึทืึฒื•ึธื” ื•ึฐื’ึทื ื’ึผึธืื•ึนืŸ ืœึทืฆึผึฐืขึดื™ืจึดื™ื ื–ึฐืงื•ึผืคึตื™ ื”ึทื’ึผึตื• ื•ึฐื”ึทืงึผื•ึนืžึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขื•ึนืœึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ืฆึถืœึทืข ื”ึทืจ ืขึดื ืื•ึนืจ ืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผึทืขึฒืœื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื—ึทืจ ืขึดื ืงึทืจึฐื ึตื™ ื—ึทืžึผึธื”, ื•ึฐืฉืึธื ื™ึธื˜ึดื™ืœื•ึผ ื”ึตื ืึถืช ื”ึทื—ึทื›ึผึธื” ืžึดื–ึผื•ึน ื”ึธืขึถืฉืึถืช ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึดื™ ืขึปืฆึผึฐื‘ึธื” ืขึทื“ ื ึดืฉืึฐื—ึฒืงึธื” ื”ึธืขึถืฉืึถืช, ื ึดืชึฐืคึผึธืจึฐืงึธื”, ื›ึผึดื™ ืึถืขึฑืฉื‚ึถื” ืึถืช ืžึฐืœึทืื›ึฐืชึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึดื™ืฉืึดื™ื‘ึธื”. ืขึทืชึผึธื” ืึธื›ึดื™ืŸ ืœึฐืงึตืฅ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึดื™ ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถืชึผึดืœึฐืžึทื“ ื”ึตื™ื˜ึตื‘ ืžึดืคึผึดื™ ืžื•ึนืจึตื™ ื‘ึผึตื™ืช-ืžึดื“ึฐืจึธืฉืึดื™ ืึตื™ืšึฐ ื’ึผื•ึผืฃ ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืจึธืงึตื‘ ื™ึฐืึทื‘ึผึตื“ ืึทื˜ ืึทื˜ ื—ึทื™ึผื•ึผืช ื”ึทื“ึผึธื ื‘ึผึฐื–ึทืขึทืฃ ื”ึฒื–ึธื™ึธื” ื™ึทื”ึฒืœึนืšึฐ, ืื•ึน ื‘ึผึดืชึฐืฉืึดื™ืฉืื•ึผืช ืึถื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ืึธื“ึธื ื•ึผืฉืึฐืึทืจ ืจึธืขื•ึนืช ื—ื•ึนืœื•ึนืช. ืžื•ึนืช ื™ึฐื“ึดื™ื“ึดื™ื, ืฉืึถื ึผึดืฉืึฐืžึธืชึฐืšึธ ืขึธืงึฐื‘ึธื” ืึตื™ืšึฐ ืžึทื‘ึผึธื˜ึธื ื™ึธื ื•ึผืขึท ื•ึฐืึดื™ืฉื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึธืฆึทืจ ื ึฐืฉืึดื™ืžึธืชึฐืšึธ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ื•ึผื ืจึทืง ืขึธื ึธืŸ ืจื•ึนื—ึตืฃ ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผื—ึท. ืขึตืช ืึณืคึธืงึดื™ื ืžึดืชึฐืึทืคึฐืœึฐืœึดื™ื ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ื”ึธืขึถืจึถื‘ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืขึตืฆึดื™ื ืชึผึธื–ื•ึผืขึท ื•ึฐื”ึตื“-ืงื•ึนืœึธื”ึผ ื™ึดื‘ึฐืงึทืข ืžึตืขึนืžึถืง ื”ึทืฆึผึฐืœึธืœึดื™ื. โ€‹The Tower I What shall I do with this absurdity โ€” O heart, O troubled heart โ€” this caricature, Decrepit age that has been tied to me As to a dog's tail? Never had I more Excited, passionate, fantastical Imagination, nor an ear and eye That more expected the impossible โ€” No, not in boyhood when with rod and fly, Or the humbler worm, I climbed Ben Bulben's back And had the livelong summer day to spend. It seems that I must bid the Muse go pack, Choose Plato and Plotinus for a friend Until imagination, ear and eye, Can be content with argument and deal In abstract things; or be derided by A sort of battered kettle at the heel. II I pace upon the battlements and stare On the foundations of a house, or where Tree, like a sooty finger, starts from the earth; And send imagination forth Under the day's declining beam, and call Images and memories From ruin or from ancient trees, For I would ask a question of them all. Beyond that ridge lived Mrs. French, and once When every silver candlestick or sconce Lit up the dark mahogany and the wine, A serving-man, that could divine That most respected lady's every wish, Ran and with the garden shears Clipped an insolent farmer's ears And brought them in a little covered dish Some few remembered still when I was young A peasant girl commended by a song, Who'd lived somewhere upon that rocky place, And praised the colour of her face, And had the greater joy in praising her, Remembering that, if walked she there, Farmers jostled at the fair So great a glory did the song confer. And certain men, being maddened by those rhymes, Or else by toasting her a score of times, Rose from the table and declared it right To test their fancy by their sight; But they mistook the brightness of the moon For the prosaic light of day โ€“ Music had driven their wits astray โ€“ And one was drowned in the great bog of Cloone. Strange, but the man who made the song was blind; Yet, now I have considered it, I find That nothing strange; the tragedy began With Homer that was a blind man, And Helen has all living hearts betrayed. O may the moon and sunlight seem One inextricable beam, For if I triumph I must make men mad. And I myself created Hanrahan And drove him drunk or sober through the dawn From somewhere in the neighbouring cottages. Caught by an old man's juggleries He stumbled, tumbled, fumbled to and fro And had but broken knees for hire And horrible splendour of desire; I thought it all out twenty years ago: Good fellows shuffled cards in an old bawn; And when that ancient ruffian's turn was on He so bewitched the cards under his thumb That all but the one card became A pack of hounds and not a pack of cards, And that he changed into a hare. Hanrahan rose in frenzy there And followed up those baying creatures towards โ€” O towards I have forgotten what โ€” enough! I must recall a man that neither love Nor music nor an enemy's clipped ear Could, he was so harried, cheer; A figure that has grown so fabulous There's not a neighbour left to say When he finished his dog's day: An ancient bankrupt master of this house. Before that ruin came, for centuries, Rough men-at-arms, cross-gartered to the knees Or shod in iron, climbed the narrow stairs, And certain men-at-arms there were Whose images, in the Great Memory stored, Come with loud cry and panting breast To break upon a sleeper's rest While their great wooden dice beat on the board. As I would question all, come all who can; Come old, necessitous, half-mounted man; And bring beauty's blind rambling celebrant; The red man the juggler sent Through God-forsaken meadows; Mrs. French, Gifted with so fine an ear; The man drowned in a bog's mire, When mocking muses chose the country wench. Did all old men and women, rich and poor, Who trod upon these rocks or passed this door, Whether in public or in secret rage As I do now against old age? But I have found an answer in those eyes That are impatient to be gone; Go therefore; but leave Hanrahan, Old lecher with a love on every wind, Bring up out of that deep considering mind All that you have discovered in the grave, For it is certain that you have Reckoned up every unforeknown, unseeing Plunge, lured by a softening eye, Or by a touch or a sigh, Into the labyrinth of another's being; Does the imagination dwell the most Upon a woman won or woman lost? If on the lost, admit you turned aside From a great labyrinth out of pride, Cowardice, some silly over-subtle thought Or anything called conscience once; And that if memory recur, the sun's Under eclipse and the day blotted out. III It is time that I wrote my will; I choose upstanding men That climb the streams until The fountain leap, and at dawn Drop their cast at the side Of dripping stone; I declare They shall inherit my pride, The pride of people that were Bound neither to Cause nor to State, Neither to slaves that were spat on, Nor to the tyrants that spat, The people of Burke and of Grattan That gave, though free to refuse โ€“ Pride, like that of the morn, When the headlong light is loose, Or that of the fabulous horn, Or that of the sudden shower When all streams are dry, Or that of the hour When the swan must fix his eye Upon a fading gleam, Float out upon a long Last reach of glittering stream And there sing his last song. And I declare my faith: I mock Plotinus' thought And cry in Plato's teeth, Death and life were not Till man made up the whole, Made lock, stock and barrel Out of his bitter soul, Aye, sun and moon and star, all, And further add to that That, being dead, we rise, Dream and so create Translunar Paradise. I have prepared my peace With learned Italian things And the proud stones of Greece, Poet's imaginings And memories of love, Memories of the words of women, All those things whereof Man makes a superhuman Mirror-resembling dream. As at the loophole there The daws chatter and scream, And drop twigs layer upon layer. When they have mounted up, The mother bird will rest On their hollow top, And so warm her wild nest. I leave both faith and pride To young upstanding men Climbing the mountain side, That under bursting dawn They may drop a fly; Being of that metal made Till it was broken by This sedentary trade. Now shall I make my soul, Compelling it to study In a learned school Till the wreck of body, Slow decay of blood, Testy delirium Or dull decrepitude, Or what worse evil come โ€“ The death of friends, or death Of every brilliant eye That made a catch in the breath โ€“ Seem but the clouds of the sky When the horizon fades; Or a bird's sleepy cry Among the deepening shades.

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Aboriginal Landscape / Louise Glรผck

Aboriginal Landscape Louise Glรผck Youโ€™re stepping on your father, my mother said, and indeed I was standing exactly in the center of a bed of grass, mown so neatly it could have been my fatherโ€™s grave, although there was no stone saying so. Youโ€™re stepping on your father, she repeated, louder this time, which began to be strange to me, since she was dead herself; even the doctor had admitted it. I moved slightly to the side, to where my father ended and my mother began. The cemetery was silent. Wind blew through the trees; I could hear, very faintly, sounds ofโ€Š weeping several rows away, and beyond that, a dog wailing. At length these sounds abated. It crossed my mind I had no memory of โ€Šโ€Šbeing driven here, to what now seemed a cemetery, though it could have been a cemetery in my mind only; perhaps it was a park, or if not a park, a garden or bower, perfumed, I now realized, with the scent of rosesโ€‰โ€” douceur de vivre filling the air, the sweetness ofโ€Š living, as the saying goes. At some point, it occurred to me I was alone. Where had the others gone, my cousins and sister, Caitlin and Abigail? By now the light was fading. Where was the car waiting to take us home? I then began seeking for some alternative. I felt an impatience growing in me, approaching, I would say, anxiety. Finally, in the distance, I made out a small train, stopped, it seemed, behind some foliage, the conductor lingering against a doorframe, smoking a cigarette. Do not forget me, I cried, running now over many plots, many mothers and fathersโ€‰โ€” Do not forget me, I cried, when at last I reached him. Madam, he said, pointing to the tracks, surely you realize this is the end, the tracks do not go further. His words were harsh, and yet his eyes were kind; this encouraged me to press my case harder. But they go back, I said, and I remarked their sturdiness, as though they had many such returns ahead of them. You know, he said, our work is difficult: we confront much sorrow and disappointment. He gazed at me with increasing frankness. I was like you once, he added, in love with turbulence. Now I spoke as to an old friend: What of โ€Šyou, I said, since he was free to leave, have you no wish to go home, to see the city again? This is my home, he said. The cityโ€‰โ€”โ€‰the city is where I disappear. ื ื•ืฃ ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื / ืœื•ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ืง ืึทืชึผึฐ ื“ึผื•ึนืจึถื›ึถืช ืขึทืœ ืึธื‘ึดื™ืšึฐ, ืึธืžึฐืจึธื” ืึดืžึผึดื™, ื•ึผื‘ึถืึฑืžึถืช ืขึธืžึทื“ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึธื– ื‘ึผึฐื˜ึทื‘ึผื•ึผืจึธื”ึผ ืฉืึถืœ ืขึฒืจื•ึผื’ึทืช ื“ึผึฐืฉืึธืึดื™ื, ืฉืึถื ึผึดื’ึฐื–ึฐืžึธื” ื›ึผึธืœ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื™ึธืคึถื” ืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ืึธื›ึตืŸ ืžึฐืงื•ึนื ืงึฐื‘ื•ึผืจึทืช ืึธื‘ึดื™ ื”ึฒื’ึทื ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืฉืึธื ืžึทืฆึผึตื‘ึธื” ืฉืึถืชึผึฐืึทืฉึผืึตืจ ื–ึนืืช. ืึทืชึผึฐ ื“ึผื•ึนืจึถื›ึถืช ืขึทืœ ืึธื‘ึดื™ืšึฐ, ื—ึธื–ึฐืจึธื” ืึดืžึผึดื™ ื”ึทืคึผึทืขึทื ื‘ึผึฐืงื•ึนืœ ืจึธื, ื•ึฐื–ึถื” ื”ึดืคึฐืชึผึดื™ืขึท, ืฉืึถื›ึผึตืŸ ื’ึผึทื ื”ึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ืžึตืชึธื”. ื™ึตืฉื ืึดืฉึผืื•ึผืจ ืจื•ึนืคึตื. ืึธื– ื–ึทื–ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืงึฐืฆึธืช ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื ืฉืึถื‘ึผื•ึน ื ึดื’ึฐืžึทืจ ืึธื‘ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ื•ึน ืึดืžึผึดื™ ื”ึดืชึฐื—ึดื™ืœึธื”. ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”ึทืขึธืœึฐืžึดื™ืŸ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืฉืึธืงึตื˜. ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื ึธืฉืึฐื‘ึธื” ื‘ึผื•ึน ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื”ึธืขึฒื ึธืคึดื™ื. ื ึดืฉืึฐืžึทืข ืงื•ึนืœ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึดื™ ืจึธืคึถื” ืžึถืจึฐื—ึธืง ืฉืื•ึผืจื•ึนืช ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผึดื™; ืžึดืฉึผืึธื ื•ึฐื”ึธืœึฐืึธื”โ€“ืงื•ึนืœ ื™ึฐืœึธืœึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ื›ึผึถืœึถื‘. ื•ึฐืึทื—ึทืจ-ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื›ึผื‘ึธืจ ืฉืึธื›ึฐื›ื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทืงึผื•ึนืœื•ึนืช. ื•ึผื‘ึดื™ ื—ึธืœึทืฃ ื”ึดืจึฐื”ื•ึผืจ ืฉืึถื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ ืึตื™ื ึดื™ ื–ื•ึนื›ึถืจึถืช ืึตื™ืšึฐ ืœึฐื›ึธืืŸ ื”ึดื’ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™, ืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืฉืึถื›ึผึทื ึผึดืจึฐืึถื” ื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึผึตื™ืช-ืขึธืœึฐืžึดื™ืŸ. ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื™ึธื›ื•ึนืœ ืœึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืช ื’ึผึทื ื‘ึผึตื™ืช-ืขึธืœึฐืžึดื™ืŸ ืคึผึฐืจื™-ื“ึผึดืžึฐื™ื•ึนื ึดื™, ื•ึฐืื•ึผืœึทื™ ืคึผึทืืจึฐืง, ื•ึฐืึดื ืœึนื ืคึผึทืืจึฐืง ืึฒื–ึทื™ ื ึฐืื•ึนืช-ื“ึผึฐืฉืึธืึดื™ื, ืฉืึถื›ึผึทื ึผึดืจึฐืึถื” ืจึตื™ื—ึธื ืจึตื™ื—ึท ื•ึฐืจึธื“ึดื™ื ืžึดืœึผึฐืึธื” ืึถืช ื”ึธืึฒื•ึดื™ืจdouceur de vivreืชึผึฐื—ื•ึผืฉืึทืช ืื•ึน "ืžึถืชึถืง ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื", ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถื ึผึธื”ื•ึผื’ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ. ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึธืžึฐืชึผึดื™ ืœึตื‘ ื‘ึผึฐืจึถื’ึทืข ืžึฐืกึปื™ึผึธื ืฉืึถืึฒื ึดื™ ื›ึผึธืืŸ ืœึฐื‘ึทื“. ืœึฐืึธืŸ ื”ึธืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื? ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™-ื”ึทื“ึผื•ึนื“ึดื™ื ื•ึทืึฒื—ื•ึนืชึดื™, ื•ึฐืงึตื™ื™ื˜ึฐืœึดื™ืŸ ื•ึทืึฒื‘ึดื™ื’ึทื™ึดืœ? ื•ึฐืึธื– ื”ึตื—ึตืœ ื”ึธืื•ึนืจ ืœึดื“ึฐืขึนืšึฐ. ื•ึฐืึตื™ืคึนื” ื”ึทืžึผึฐื›ื•ึนื ึดื™ืช ืฉืึถืึฒืžื•ึผืจึธื” ืœึฐื”ึทื—ึฐื–ึดื™ืจึตื ื•ึผ? ื•ึฐืึธื– ื”ึดืชึฐื—ึทืœึฐืชึผึดื™ ืœึฐื—ึทืคึผึตืฉื‚ ืชึผึทื—ึฐืœึดื™ืฃ. ื”ึดืจึฐื’ึผึทืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ ืฉืึถืชึผื•ึนืกึถืกึถืช ื‘ึผึดื™ ืชึผึฐื—ื•ึผืฉืึทืช ืึดื™-ืกึทื‘ึฐืœึธื ื•ึผืช ืฉืึถืžึผึทื’ึผึดื™ืขึธื” ืขึทื“ ืกึทืฃ ื”ึทื—ึฒืจึธื“ึธื”. ื‘ึผึทืกึผื•ึนืฃ, ื”ึดื‘ึฐื—ึทื ึฐืชึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืงึธืจื•ึนืŸ ืงึธื˜ึธืŸ ืฉืึถื ึผึถืขึฑืฆึทืจ ืจึธื—ื•ึนืง ื—ึธื‘ื•ึผื™ ื‘ึผึทืฆึผึดืžึฐื—ึดื™ึผึธื”, ื”ึทื›ึผึทืจึฐื˜ึดื™ืกึธืŸ ื ึดืฉืึฐืขึทืŸ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืžึผึทืฉืึฐืงื•ึนืฃ, ืขึดืฉึผืึตืŸ ืกึดื™ื’ึทืจึฐื™ึธื”. ืจึทืง ืึทืœ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึทื— ืื•ึนืชึดื™, ืงึธืจึธืืชึดื™, ืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืจึดื™ืฆึธื” ื—ื•ึนืฆึธื” ื—ึถืœึฐืงื•ึนืช ืงึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœ ืึดืžึผึธื”ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืฉืึถืœ ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช. ืจึทืง ืึทืœ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึทื— ืื•ึนืชึดื™, ืงึธืจึธืืชึดื™, ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถืึตืœึธื™ื• ื”ึดื’ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™. ื’ึผึฐื‘ึถืจึถืช, ืœึดื™ ืึธืžึทืจ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทืฆึฐื‘ึผื™ืขื•ึน ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืžึผึฐืกึดืœึผึธื”. ืึทืชึผึฐ ื‘ึผึฐื•ึทื“ึผึทืื™ ืจื•ึนืึธื” ืฉืึถื–ึผึถื” ื”ึทืกึผื•ึนืฃ. ืฉืึถื›ึผึธืืŸ ื ึดื’ึฐืžึถืจึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึฐืกึดืœึผึธื”. ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึธื™ื• ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืงึธืฉืึดื™ื, ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืขึตื™ื ึธื™ื• ืจึทื›ึผื•ึนืช. ื•ึฐื–ึถื” ืขื•ึนื“ึตื“ ืื•ึนืชึดื™ ืœึธืฉืื•ึผื‘ ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึทืงึฐืฉืื•ึนืช: ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื™ึตืฉื ื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื—ึฒื–ึธืจึธื” ื•ึฐื’ึทื ื”ึดืฆึฐื‘ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ืขึทืœ ื—ึธืกึฐื ึธื ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึทืงึผึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึนืช, ื›ึผึฐืึดืœึผื•ึผ ืขื•ึนื“ ืฆึฐืคื•ึผื™ื•ึนืช ืœึธื”ึถื ืฉืึดื™ื‘ื•ึนืช ืจึทื‘ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึทื™ึฐืชึธื”. ื“ึผึฐืขึดื™, ืœึดื™ ืึธืžึทืจ, ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉื ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืขึฒื“ึทื™ึดืŸ ืขึฒื‘ื•ึนื“ึธื” ืœึฐื’ึทืžึฐืจึตื™ ืœึนื ืงึทืœึผึธื”: ืึธื ื•ึผ ืขื•ึนืžึฐื“ึดื™ื ืžื•ึผืœ ืฆึทืขึทืจ ืจึทื‘ ื•ึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึธื‘ื•ึนืช ืจึทื‘ึผื•ึนืช ืžึดื ึผึฐืฉื‚ื•ึนื. ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึดืชึฐื‘ึผื•ึนื ึตืŸ ื‘ึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึตื ื•ึผืช ื’ึผื•ึนื‘ึถืจึถืช. ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึดื™ ืคึผึทืขึทื ื‘ึผึฐื“ึดื™ึผื•ึผืง ื›ึผึธืžื•ึนืšึฐ, ื”ื•ึนืกึดื™ืฃ, ืึธื”ึทื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืช ืžึฐืขึทืจื‘ึผึนืœึถืช ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื. ืขึทื›ึฐืฉืึธื• ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื“ึผึดื‘ึผึทืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ื›ึผึฐืึถืœ ื™ึธื“ึดื™ื“ ื•ึธืชึดื™ืง: ื•ึผืžึธื” ืึดืชึผึฐืšึธ, ืขึทื›ึฐืฉืึธื•, ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ืึทืชึผึธื” ื—ึธืคึฐืฉืึดื™ ืœึธืœึถื›ึถืช ื›ึผึดืจึฐืฆื•ึนื ึฐืšึธ ื”ึทืึดื ืœึนื ืžึดืชึฐืขื•ึนืจึตืจ ื‘ึผึฐืšึธ ืจึธืฆื•ึนืŸ ืœึธืฉืื•ึผื‘, ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ืขื•ึนื“ ืคึผึทืขึทื ืึถืช ืขึดื™ืจึฐืšึธ? ื–ึถื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึตื™ืชึดื™, ืึธืžึทืจ; ื”ึธืขึดื™ืจ ื”ึดื ึผึธื” ื”ึธืขึดื™ืจ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืึฒื ึดื™ ื ึถืขึฐืœึธื. ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื–ื™ื•ื” ืฉืžื™ืจ

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the-flower-is-forgot

The Flower is Forgot

In the Israeli school system, the life and works of national poet Hayyim Nahman Bialik are not taught properly By: Tamar Rotem Published: HAARETZ , 17/07/2001 ..."This is an absurd situation because students do not purchase the books but photocopy from them," says Shamir. Furthermore, she adds, it is not possible to ๔€ฟfind Bialik's complete works on the shelves of every bookstore, so that in effect, instead of encouraging and promoting Bialik's poetry among young audiences, the publisher is ensuring that it will be ignored......"Of the poets of his time," says Shamir, "Bialik was a unique phenomenon, and supposedly he is greatly respected and an attempt is made to glorify him. Paradoxically, though, there is no attempt to get to the bottom of the phenomenon.".... Click for PDF version

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ืคื™ืœื™ืค-ืœืจืงื™ืŸ-ืฆืจื›ื™ื

Wants / Philip Larkin

Wants Philip Larkin Beyond all this, the wish to be alone:
However the sky grows dark with invitation-cards
However we follow the printed directions of sex
However the family is photographed under the flag-staff โ€“
Beyond all this, the wish to be alone. Beneath it all, the desire for oblivion runs:
Despite the artful tensions of the calendar,
The life insurance, the tabled fertility rites,
The costly aversion of the eyes away from death โ€“
Beneath it all, the desire for oblivion runs. ืฆืจื›ื™ื / ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืœืจืงื™ืŸ ืžึตืึฒื—ื•ึนืจึตื™ ื›ึผึธืœ ื–ึถื”, ื”ึทื›ึผึฐืžึดื™ื”ึธื” ืœึดื‘ึฐื“ึดื™ื“ื•ึผืช:
ื›ึผึฐื›ึนืœ ืฉืึถื™ึทื—ึฐืฉืึดื™ืšึฐ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื, ื•ึฐื™ึดืชึฐื›ึผึทืกึผื•ึผ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทื–ึฐืžึธื ื•ึนืช,
ื›ึผึฐื›ึนืœ ืฉืึถื ึผึดืชึฐืขึทืœึผึตืก ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืœึฐืคึดื™ ื”ื•ึนืจึธืื•ึนืช ืžึปื“ึฐืคึผึธืกื•ึนืช,
ื›ึผึฐื›ึนืœ ืฉืึถืชึผึดืฆึฐื˜ึทืœึผึตื ื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื—ึธื” ืžึดืชึผึทื—ึทืช ืœึทื“ึผึถื’ึถืœ ื”ึทืžึผึปื ึผึธืฃ,
ืžึตืึฒื—ื•ึนืจึตื™ ื›ึผึธืœ ื–ึถื”, ื”ึทื›ึผึฐืžึดื™ื”ึธื” ืœึดื‘ึฐื“ึดื™ื“ื•ึผืช. ืžึดืชึผึทื—ึทืช ืœึทื›ึผึนืœ, ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผืงึทืช ื”ึทื ึผึฐืฉืึดื™ึผึธื” ืžึฐื—ึทืœึฐื—ึถืœึถืช:
ื—ึตืจึถืฃ ื”ึทืžึผึถืชึทื— ื”ึทืžึฐืชึทืขึฐืชึผึตืขึท ืฉืึถืœ ืœื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื ึธื”,
ื‘ึผึดื˜ึผื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื, ื˜ึทื‘ึฐืœึธืื•ึนืช ืคึผึปืœึฐื—ึฒื ึตื™ ื”ึทืคึผึดืจึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ,
ื”ึทื”ึดืชึฐืขึทืœึผึฐืžื•ึผืช ืจึทื‘ึผึทืช ื”ึทืžึผึฐื—ึดื™ืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทืกึผึฐืœึดื™ื“ึธื” ืžึตื”ึทืžึผึธื•ึถืช,
ืžึดืชึผึทื—ึทืช ืœึทื›ึผึนืœ, ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผืงึทืช ื”ึทื ึผึฐืฉืึดื™ึผึธื” ืžึฐื—ึทืœึฐื—ึถืœึถืช. ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื–ื™ื•ื” ืฉืžื™ืจ Philip Larkin (1922-85) Philip Arthur Larkin was born on August 9, 1922, in Coventry. He was the second child, and only son, of Sydney and Eva Larkin. Sydney Larkin was City Treasurer between the years 1922-44. Larkin's sister, some ten years his senior, was called Catherine, but was known as Kitty. He attended the City's King Henry VIII School between 1930 and 1940, and made regular contributions to the school magazine, The Coventrian, which, between 1939 and 1940, he also helped to edit . After leaving King Henry VIII, he went to St. John's College, Oxford, and despite the war (Larkin had failed his army medical because of his poor eyesight), was able to complete his degree without interruption, graduating in 1943 with a First Class Honours in English. His closest friends at Oxford were Kingsley Amis and Bruce Montgomery. The first of his poems to be published in a national weekly was 'Ultimatum', which appeared in the Listener, November 28, 1940. Then in June 1943, three of his poems were published in Oxford Poetry (1942-43) . These were 'A Stone Church Damaged By A Bomb', 'Mythological Introduction', and 'I dreamed of an out-thrust arm of land'. After graduating, Larkin lived with his parents for a while, before being appointed Librarian at Wellington, Shropshire, in November of 1943. Here, he studied to qualify as a professional librarian, but continued to write and publish. In 1945, ten of his poems, which later that year would be included in The North Ship, appeared in Poetry from Oxford in Wartime. Two novels, Jill and A Girl in Winter were published in 1946 and 1947 respectively. In 1946, Larkin became assistant Librarian at the University College of Leicester. He completed his professional studies and became an Associate of the Library Association in 1949. In October 1950, he became Sub-Librarian at Queen's University, Belfast. It was in Belfast that he applied fresh vigour to his poetry activities, and, in 1951, had a small collection, XX Poems, privately printed in an edition of 100 copies. Also, in 1954, the Fantasy Press published a pamphlet containing five of his poems. The Marvell Press, based in Hessle, near Hull, published 'Toads' and 'Poetry of departures' in Listen. It would be the Marvell Press that published his next collection The Less Deceived. Larkin took up the position of Librarian at the University of Hull on March 21, 1955, and it was in October of that year that The Less Deceived was published. It was this collection that would be the foundation of his reputation as one of the foremost figures in 20th Century poetry. It wasn't until 1964 that his next collection, The Whitsun Weddings was published. Again, the collection was well received, and widely acclaimed, and the following year, Larkin was awarded the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry. It was during the years 1961-71 that Larkin contributed monthly reviews of jazz recordings for the Daily Telegraph, and these reviews were brought together and published in 1970 under the title All What Jazz: a record diary 1961-1968. He also edited the Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse, which was published in 1973. His last collection High Windows was published in 1974, and confirmed him as one of the finest poets in English Literary history. Aubade, his last great poem, was published in The Times Literary Supplement in December 1977. If this had been the only poem Larkin had ever written, his place in English poetry would still be secure. A collection of his essays was published in 1983 as Required Writing: miscellaneous pieces 1955-1982, and won the Smith Literary Award for 1984. Larkin received many awards in recognition of his writing, especially in his later years. In 1975 he was awarded the CBE, and in 1976 was given the German Shakespeare-Pries. He chaired the Booker Prize Panel in 1977, was made Companion of Literature in 1978, and served on the Literature Panel of the Arts between 1980 and 1982. He was made an Honorary Fellow of the Library Association in 1980. In 1982 the University of Hull made him a Professor. In 1984 he received an honorary D.Litt. from Oxford University, and was elected to the Board of the British Library. In December of 1984 he was offered the chance to succeed Sir John Betjeman as Poet Laureate but declined, being unwilling to accept the high public profile and associated media attention of the position. In mid 1985 Larkin was admitted to hospital with an illness in his throat, and on June 11 an operation was carried out to remove his oesophagus. His health was deteriorating, and when he was awarded the much prized Order of the Companion of Honour he was unable, because of ill health, to attend the investiture, which was due to take place at Buckingham Palace on November 25. He received the official notification courtesy of the Royal Mail. Philip Larkin died of cancer on December 2 1985. He was 63 years old. ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 12/11/2005 ื‘ืืชืจ www.literatura.co.il

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ืื™ืš-ื ื•ืœื“-ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก-ื•ืื™ืš-ื”ื•ื-ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื”-2023

ืื™ืš ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื”? (ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ)

ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจื•-ืคื–ืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ "ื”ื’ื“ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื”" ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืจื•ืฆื™ ื ื•ืฆื”: ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ" , ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ 2013. (ื‘ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช) ืคื•ืจืกื: ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจ ( ื”ืžื•ื–ื” ืงืœืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื: ืขืœ ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ) , ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ 1738 14/04/2022 (ื‘ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช) ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื”ืžื•ึผื›ึผืจ ืœื›ืœ ืงื•ืจื ืขื‘ืจื™, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ื”ืžื•ึผื›ึผืจ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”ึผ. ืœื ืื—ืช ืชื”ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื”ืคื›ื ืœืžื™ืชื•ืก ืžื•ึผื›ึผืจ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข: ืื™ืš ืงืจื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื "ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜" ืื—ื“, ื•ืœื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงืœืกื™ืงื” ืฉื ื—ืงืงืช ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืืชืจ ื•ืืชืจ ื•ืžืชืงื‘ืขืช ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื™-ื“ื•ืจื•ืช? ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื™ืš ื”ืคืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• โ€“ ืงื•ืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ื ื•ืงื“ื™ื ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื“ื“ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ "ื”ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื”" ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ โ€“ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ ื”ืžื•ึผื›ึผืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”ึผ? ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกืš-ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช-ืขืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช. ื”"ื˜ื•ืจ" ื”ืืœืชืจืžื ื™ "ื”ื’ื“ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืื’ื“ื”" ืžืจืื” ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ืฉื™ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜-ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฆืœื•ื— ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืœื” ืžึดื‘ึผืœื™ ืฉื™ืชื™ื™ืฉืŸ. "ื”ื’ื“ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื”" ื”ื•ื "ื˜ื•ืจ" ืืœืชืจืžื ื™ ืฆื ื•ืข, ืฉื ื“ืคืก ืœืงืจืืช ืคืกื— ืชืฉ"ื“,1 ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื– ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ โ€“ ื•ืœื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” โ€“ ืืช ื”ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ ื—ื™ื™-ื”ื ืฆื— ืฉืœ ืขื, ืฉืœื ื ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ืจื“ ืžืขืœ ื‘ืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ืงืžื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœื›ืœื•ืชื•. ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื•: ืื™ืš ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื”, ื•ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื—: "ืึดื™ืฉื ืœึนื ืฉื‚ึธื ืœื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน, ื™ึทืขึทืŸ ืึดื™ืฉื ืœึนื ื™ึธื“ึทืข [...] ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื“ึดื™ ื”ึทืœึผึธื–ึถื” / ื™ึดื›ึผึธื ึตืก ืœึทื”ึฒื’ึธื“ึธื” / ื•ึฐื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื’ึผึดื‘ึผื•ึนืจื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ื–ึถืžึถืจ. // ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืึทื‘ึผึธื ื ึดื’ึผึทืฉื‚ ื‘ึผึฐืคึธื ึดื™ื ืžึฐืึดื™ืจึดื™ื / ื•ึฐืงึธื ึธื” ืึถืช ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื“ึดื™ / ื•ึฐืœึดื˜ึผึฐืคึธื”ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ืžึตืฆึทื—... / ื–ื•ึน ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืคึผึฐืชึดื™ื—ึธืชื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ืึทื—ึทื“ ื”ึทืฉึผืึดื™ืจึดื™ื / ืฉืึถื™ึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ืžื•ึผืฉืึธืจึดื™ื ืขึทื“ ื ึถืฆึทื— ". ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— (ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื–ึถืžืจ "ื—ื“ ื’ื“ื™ื" ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื”) ื‘ืคืจื™ื–ืžืช-ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ืจ-ื”ื•ึนื•ื”-ืขืชื™ื“. ื”ื•ื ืชื”ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื“ืช ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืžืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื•ึผื™ "ื•ื”ึดื’ื“ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ืš" ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืื‘ ืœื‘ื ื• (ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื”ื’ื“ื”" ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื•ื•ืช-ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ืช saga ; ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืกื™ืคื•ืจ" ืฉื”"ืžึทื’ื™ื“" ืžืกึทืคึผึตืจ ืœืงื”ืœื•). ืื›ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง. ื•ืื•ืœื, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก, ืกื•ื“ ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื ืชืคืก ื›ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื• ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™, ืฉื›ื•ื—ื• ื™ืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืืชืจ: ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื‘-ื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ืŸ-ืื‘. ื ื•ืฉื ื›ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ื˜ืขืžื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืคื•ื’ื’, ืœืžืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขืงื“ื” ืžึดืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื“ืจืš ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืงืคืงื ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืขื“ ืœืกืจื˜ "ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืกื™ื“ืจ . ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื‘-ื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืŸ-ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™. ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืžื ื ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™-ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืืš ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ื’ื“ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืื’ื“ื”" ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื: ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’ื ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืื™ืŸ-ืงืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื•-ืืœื•ื”ื™ื•. ื”ื’ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ึตืฉื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ืื•ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ืขื" โ€“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืจื’ืขื™ ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืœ ื’ื ื™ื—ื“ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชืงื•ื•ึนืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื”ืขื ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข ืœืœื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ืื‘ โ€“ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืžืžืจื•ื ืฉืชืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืชืขื™ื“ ื ืืžื ื” ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืึดืชื• ื•ื™ืฆืขื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื“, ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ืขื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืจืจื™ื•, ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืœืื•ืช ืžืžืจื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช. ื”ืื ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืขื“ื•ึผืช ืœืืžื•ื ื” ืชืžื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”? ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื. ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืกื•ืคื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžึทื”ึฒืœืš ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื•ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ืฆื— ืฉืœื•, ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืžื ืฉื•ื ื”ื ื™ื—ืชื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•. ืœื ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ("ื’ืื•ืœื”", "ืžืฉื™ื—", "ืžืœืื›ื™ื" "ืื•ืช ืžืฉืžื™ื" ื•ื›ื•') ื›ื‘ืžึตื˜ึธืคื•ืจื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืชื”ื ืœื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื˜ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ึผืฉื” ื•ื™ื•ึผืงืจื”. ื ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื“ื‘ืจ" ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 7/4/1944 . ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืœื—ื ื”: ื”ื•ึผื ืขึธืžึทื“ ืœื•ึน ื‘ึผึทืฉืึผื•ึผืง, ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืชึผึฐื™ึธืฉืึดื™ื ื•ึฐืขึดื–ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื ึดืคึฐื ึตืฃ ื‘ึผึดื–ึฐื ึธื‘ื•ึน ื”ึทืงึผึธื˜ ื›ึผึฐื–ึถืจึถืช. ื’ึผึฐื“ึดื™ ืžึดื‘ึผึตื™ืช-ืขึฒื ึดื™ึผึดื™ื ื’ึผึฐื“ึดื™ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื ึตื™ ื–ื•ึผื–ึดื™ื, ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ืงึดืฉืึผื•ึผื˜. ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ืขึดื ึฐื‘ึผึธืœ ื•ึฐืกึถืจึถื˜. ืึดื™ืฉื ืœึนื ืฉื‚ึธื ืœื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน, ื™ึทืขึทืŸ ืึดื™ืฉื ืœึนื ื™ึธื“ึทืข, ืœึนื ืฆื•ึนืจึฐืคึตื™ ื”ึทื–ึผึธื”ึธื‘, ืœึนื ืกื•ึนืจึฐืงึตื™ ื”ึทืฆึผึถืžึถืจ, ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื“ึดื™ ื”ึทืœึผึธื–ึถื” ื™ึดื›ึผึธื ึตืก ืœึธื”ึทื’ึผึธื“ึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื’ึผึดื‘ึผื•ึนืจื•ึน ื”ึทื ึผึดืฆึฐื—ึดื™ ืฉืึถืœ ื–ึถืžึถืจ. ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืึทื‘ึผึธื ื ึดื’ึผึธืฉื ื‘ึผึฐืคึธื ึดื™ื ืžึฐืึดื™ืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืงึธื ึธื” ืึถืช ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื“ึดื™ ื•ึฐืœึดื˜ึผึฐืคึธื”ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ืžึตืฆึทื—... ื–ื•ึน ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืคึผึฐืชึดื™ื—ึธืชื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ืึทื—ึทื“ ื”ึทืฉืึผึดื™ืจึดื™ื ืฉืึถื™ื•ึผืฉืึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึธื ึถืฆึทื—, ืœึธื ึถืฆึทื—. ื•ึฐื”ึทื’ึฐึผื“ึดื™ ืึถืช ื™ึทื“ ืึทื‘ึผึธื ืœึดืงึผึตืง ื‘ึผึฐืœึธืฉืื•ึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื—ึธื˜ึฐืžื•ึน ื”ึธืจึธื˜ึนื‘ ื ึธื’ึทืข ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื–ึถื”, ืึทื—ึทื™, ื”ึถื—ึธืจื•ึผื– ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ, ืฉืึถืคึผึฐืกื•ึผืงื•ึน ื”ื•ึผื "ื“ึฐื–ึทื‘ึผึดื™ืŸ ืึทื‘ึผึธื". ื™ื•ึนื ืึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ืึธื– ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึท ืจึดืงึผึฐื“ึธื” ื•ึผื ึฐืขึธืจื•ึนืช ืฆึธื—ึฒืงื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืฆึฐืžื•ึผืฅ ืขึตื™ื ึทื™ึดื. ื•ึฐืึทื‘ึผึธื ืขึดื ื’ึผึฐื“ึดื™ ื ึดื›ึฐื ึฐืกื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึทื’ึผึธื“ึธื” ื•ึฐืขึธืžึฐื“ื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื ืฉืึธื ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื ึธื™ึดื. ื•ึฐื”ึทืกึผึตืคึถืจ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ืžึธืœึตื ืžึตื”ึฒืžื•ึนืŸ ื ึดืคึฐืœึธืื•ึนืช ื•ึผืžื•ึนืคึฐืชึดื™ื ืขึฒืฆื•ึผืžึดื™ื ืœึฐื’ึนื“ึถืœ. ื•ึฐืœึธื›ึตืŸ ื”ึตื ื ึดืฆึผึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึทืฃ ื”ึธืึทื—ึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื—ึฒื‘ื•ึผืงึดื™ื ื•ึผื“ึฐื—ื•ึผืงึดื™ื ืึถืœ ื”ึทื›ึผึนืชึถืœ. ื•ึฐื”ึทืกึผึตืคึถืจ ื—ึดื™ึผึตืšึฐ ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจ ืึธื– ื“ึผื•ึผืžึธื: ื˜ื•ึนื‘, ืขึดืžึฐื“ื•ึผ ืœึธื›ึถื ื’ึผึฐื“ึดื™ ื•ึฐืึทื‘ึผึธื. ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื“ึผึทืคึผึทื™ ืžึฐื”ึทืœึผึฐื›ึดื™ื ืขื•ึนื“ ืขึธืฉืึธืŸ ื•ึธื“ึทื, ืขึทืœ ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœื•ึนืช ื•ึผื ึฐืฆื•ึผืจื•ึนืช ืฉื‚ึดื™ื—ึธืชึดื™ ื ึธืกึทื‘ึผึธื”. ืึทืšึฐ ื™ึธื“ึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึธื ื™ึดืงึผึธืจึทืข ืœึนื ื‘ึผึดื›ึฐื“ึดื™ ื•ึฐื™ึตืฉื ื˜ึทืขึทื ื—ื•ึนืžื•ึนืช ื•ึผืžึดื“ึฐื‘ึผึธืจ ืœึฐื”ึทื‘ึฐืงึดื™ืขึท ืึดื ื‘ึผึฐืกื•ึนืฃ ื”ึทืกึผึดืคึผื•ึผืจ ืขื•ึนืžึฐื“ึดื™ื ืึทื‘ึผึธื ื•ึผื’ึฐื“ึดื™ ื•ึฐืฆื•ึนืคึดื™ื ืœึฐืชื•ึนืจึธื ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื–ึฐืจึทื— ื•ึฐื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขึท. ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื™ืืจ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื’ึผึฐื“ึดื™ ืžึดื‘ึผึตื™ืช ืขึฒื ึดื™ึผึดื™ื " ื”ื•ื ืจืžื–, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—, ืฉื‘ึผื•ึน ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ื•ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ: "ืœึนื-ืชึนืื›ึทืœ ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื—ึธืžึตืฅ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืชึผึนืื›ึทืœ-ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืžึทืฆึผื•ึนืช ืœึถื—ึถืย ืขึนื ึดื™ " (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื˜ื–, ื’). ื•ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื, ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืืžืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื•: "ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ืฆึฐืจึทืคึฐืชึผึดื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื‘ึฐื›ึธืกึถืฃ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึทืจึฐืชึผึดื™ืšึธ ื‘ึผึฐื›ื•ึผืจย ืขึนื ึดื™ " (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืžื—, ื™). ื”ืขื ื”ืขื ื™, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฆื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ืž"ื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื", ื•ื›ื•ื ืŸ ืžืžืœื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžื ื‘ื ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืชืžืข ืฉื”ื ืก ื”ื–ื” ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื’ื ื”ืคืขื. ืื’ื‘, ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœื ื˜ืขื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืคึผึธื ึดื™ื ืžึฐืึดื™ืจึดื™ื". ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื–ื” (ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ "ืคึผึธื ึดื™ื ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื"; ืจืฉ"ื™ ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื‘ ืœื) ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืžื™-ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“: "ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื›ึผืžื” ืคึผึธื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื”ืงื‘"ื”. ืคื ื™ื ืžืื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืื™ืจื™ื . ืคื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืคื ื™ื ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืคื ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืคื ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื. ืคื ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ. ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžืืœ. ื‘ื•ื ื•ืจืื” ืืฉืจื™ื”ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื”. ืฉื“ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืคึธื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš" (ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš, ื•ืืจื, ืœื‘ ืข"ื).2 ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœืจืžื•ื– ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื• ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื”ืขื ืขึดื ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื‘ืžืจื•ืžื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื—ื“ ื’ื“ื™ื" ืžื•ืฉืจ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžื—ื›ื” ืœืชื•ืจื• โ€“ ืžื—ื›ื” ืฉื™ืื™ืจ ืœื• ืžื–ืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื–ื™ืจื” (ื•ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื: ืฉื™ืจืื” ืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืœืช). ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืื ื• ืžืฆื•ึผื•ื™ื "ื•ื”ึดื’ื“ืช ืœื‘ื ืš", ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ืชื™ืฉ ืžืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื™ (ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœืชื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ), ื›ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืื™ "ื”ื’ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืžื“". ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ื’ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื”, ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1939, ืื™ื‘ื“ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ โ€“ ื‘ื˜ืจื ืžืœืื• ืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” โ€“ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•-ืžื•ืจื”ื•, ื”ืžื—ื ืš ื•ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืฉืคื–ืžื•ื ื• ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ "ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื™ืฉ" (ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืœื˜ื™ืคื” ื”ืŸ ืžืื‘ื™ื•-ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื• ื”ืŸ ืžืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื‘ืžืจื•ืžื™ื โ€“ ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืืช "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ื•ืืช "ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื", ืืฃ ืคืจืกื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื˜ื•ืจื™ื" ื•ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ, ืืš ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืื ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื™ืคืจืฆื• ืืช ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืจื“ื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ืš ื•ืžึตืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื” ืื™ืœื• ื™ื“ืข ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™ "ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื™ืฉ" ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื ื™-ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื ืก ืœึตื—ื•. ื’ื "ื”ืชื™ืฉ" ื•ื’ื ื‘ื ื• "ื”ื’ื“ื™" ืขืžื“ื• ืืคื•ื ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืžื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื” ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื• "ื”ืื™ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืจ" ืขืœ ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ("ืžึดื™ ื™ึตื“ึทืข ืžึทื” ืงึผื•ึนื‘ึตืขึท / ืึถืช ื ึดืฆึฐื—ึธื ืฉืึถืœ ืฉืึดื™ืจึดื™ื?") ื”ื•ื ืชื”ื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืกืžื•ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื“ืœ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืžื”ื• ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืคืš ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืงืžึตืœื™ื ื•ื ืฉื›ื—ื™ื. ืžืงืฆื•ืขื• ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ โ€“ ืื’ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช โ€“ ืึดืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื™-ื”ืขึทื“ ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืฆื”ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ื›ืžืชืจื’ื ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงืœืกื™ื•ืช ืขืœ-ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืึดืชืŸ. ื›ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ืจื—ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ, ืฉืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžื“ื•ืงืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืงื˜ืจื’ื™ื”, ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื”ื˜ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” (ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ "ืืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื" ื‘ื’ื˜ื• ืงื•ื‘ื ื”),3 ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืขึทืžื• ื•ืœืจืžื•ื– ืฉืกื•ืฃ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ื’ื“ื™" ืœื”ื’ื™ืข, ื•ื›ื™ ื’ื ืื ืชืชืžื”ืžื” "ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”", ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ื. ื”ื•ื ืžึทืคื ื” ืืช ื”ื–ืจืงื•ืจ ืœืขึตื‘ืจ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช: ื“ื•ื•ืงื "ื”ื’ื“ื™" ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืœื ืกืจื˜ ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜, ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ "ื”ื’ื“ื™ื™ื", ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉืจื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ (ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืจื“ื• ืžื–ืžืŸ ืžืขืœ ื‘ืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”). ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” "ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื" (1945), ื•ื’ื ื‘ื” ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื•ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœื• ื‘"ื”ื’ื“ื”" ืฉืœ ืคืกื—. ื’ื ื‘ื” ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื•. ืฉื™ืจื• "ื”ื’ื“ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื”" ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืฉื•ื—ื˜" ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉึตืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ืื‘" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ื’ื“ื™". ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืจื•ืขื” ื”ื ืืžืŸ (il pastor fido; ืื• "ืจืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื ื" ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ) ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ (agnus dei; ืื• "ืฉื‚ึตื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื") ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืš ืœื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืงื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช. ื”ืœื›ึผึธืš ืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉื—ืจื’ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืœืžื™ืชื•ืก ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™. ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืฉื‚ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืคื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืš ื›ืื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืชืชื•ืช ืœืื‘ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•, ืื• ืœื’ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ื•, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืจึธื: "ื˜ื•ึนื‘, ืขึดืžึฐื“ื•ึผ ืœึธื›ึถื ื’ึผึฐื“ึดื™ ื•ึฐืึทื‘ึผึธื. / ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื“ึผึทืคึผึทื™ ืžึฐื”ึทืœึผึฐื›ึดื™ื ืขื•ึนื“ ืขึธืฉืึธืŸ ื•ึธื“ึทื, /ืขึทืœ ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœื•ึนืช ื•ึผื ึฐืฆื•ึผืจื•ึนืช ืฉื‚ึดื™ื—ึธืชึดื™ ื ึธืกึทื‘ึผึธื”". ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืชืžื”, ื•ืชื•ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข, ืืš ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืคืกื— ืงืจึตื‘ื” ืœืกื™ื•ืžื”, ื™ื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืจึธืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื•ึฐืึธืชึธื ืžึทืœึฐืึทืšึฐ ื”ึทืžึผึธื•ึถืช ื•ึฐืฉืึธื—ึทื˜ ืœึฐืฉึผืื•ึนื—ึตื˜". ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ืžืขื•ื“ื•, ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืงืจึตื‘ื” ืœืกื™ื•ืžื”. ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืขื™ื“, ืฉื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื” ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืžื” ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื”: ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืข ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ โ€“ ื›ืžึดื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ โ€“ ื™ืขืžื“ื• "ืึทื‘ึผึธื ื•ึผื’ึฐื“ึดื™", ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”"ืฆึผื•ึนืคึดื™ื ืœึฐืชื•ึนืจึธื ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื–ึฐืจึทื— ื•ึฐื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขึท". ื”ืขืจื•ืช: ื”ื’ื“ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื”", "ื“ื‘ืจ" ("ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™"), ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉ"ื“, 7 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1944, ืขืž' 2. ื—ืชื•ื: ื ืชืŸ ื. ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกื— ืงืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™" (ืชืฉ"ื—), ืขืž' 368 โ€“ 369. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971 โ€“ ื‘ืœื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื” โ€“ ืœืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ืฉืจ. ืจืื• ื’ื: ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืจื“ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืคืจื“ืก ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื›ื’ ื™ื–. ืจืื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ "ืจื•ืฆื™ ื ื•ืฆื”: ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ" , ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ 2013 , ืขืž' 23 โ€“ 25.
ื•ืจืื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืคืจื” ืขื•ืคืจ " ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ " ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื” โ€“ " ืกื•ืคืจืช ืกืคืจื™ื " โ€“ ืžื™ื•ื 17.4.2016 .

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ืืœ-ืื™ื–ื•ืจ-ื”ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื-ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ-ืฉื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ-ืœืคื™ื›ื—ื•ืŸ

ืืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื›ื—ื•ืŸ *

ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืœื-ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ " ืจึตืขึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื—ึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึธื‘ึธืŸ " ืคื•ืจืกื: ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจ ( ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ) ,ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ 1772, 11/08/2022 * ื ื•ืกื— ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ" ืžื™ื•ื 20.12.2020 ืœื—ืฆื• ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ PDF ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืชื• "ืื ื™ ืืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืกื•ืฃ" (ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ" ืžื™ื•ื 16.12.2020) ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“"ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, "ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืขื ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื ืขื“ ื›ื”" . ื ืืœืฆืชื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืชื•. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“, ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ "ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ", ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, 1988, ืขืž' 126 โ€“ 127 (ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืืชืจ www.zivashamir.com ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” " ืกืคืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื“ื” "). ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืงื“ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“"ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื˜ืจื˜ื ืจ , ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืฅ (ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืจื›ื– ืงื™ืคึผ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘), ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื ืชืŸ ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืกื’ืจ: ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื•ืœื ื ืžืฆืื” ื”ืงืจืŸ ืฉืชืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช). ืœืคืชืข, ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘, ืฉืฉืœื— ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื˜ืœืคื™ืจ, ืœืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช ืฉืœื• "ื’ื–ื™ืช", ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื ืขืœื ืขื“ ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืžื ื—ื ื“ื•ืจืžืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘-ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืฉืึดืจื‘ื˜ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื•ืžื•ื’ืžืจ. ื•ืื•ืœื, ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื™ ืฉืฉื™ืจ-ื‘ื•ืกืจ ื–ื” โ€“ "ืจึตืขึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื—ึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึธื‘ึธืŸ" โ€“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉ ืขื“ ื’ืžื™ืจื ื•ืืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™-ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื• ("ืžึฐื˜ึปืžึผึธืŸ", "ื“ึผึธืึตื‘", "ื™ึฐื—ึปืžึผึทื“"), ืื™ื ื ื• ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื”, ืืœื ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืžึดื‘ื ื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉ, ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืฉื•ื‘ืฆื• ื‘ื• ืื’ื‘ ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืืจื•ืš ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ืชื™ "ื”ื™ืชื“", ืฉื ื•ืกื—ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจืช "ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืคืจื™ื–", ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืึดืชื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืช. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื–ืจ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืžืจืื”. ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™-ื›ืŸ, ื—ืจืฃ ืžื•ึผืžึธื™ื• ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขืœื•ื ืฉื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”"ืงื ื•ื ื™ืช" ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืคืš ืžืฉื•ืœื™ื” ื‘"ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™" ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืกื‘ืœ ืžืจืขื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ื›ืชื‘-ื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” "ื›ืชื‘ ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ื" โ€“ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืชื’ื™ื ืžืชื’ื™ื. ืœื ื‘ื ืงืœ ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืœืคืขื ื— ืฉื™ืจื•. ื›ืฉื”ืฉืœืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื ื—ื ื“ื•ืจืžืŸ, ืขื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ื™ื“-ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™-ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื• (ื•ืืฃ ืืกืฃ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ). ื”ืคึผึดืขื ื•ื— ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจืžืŸ, ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื‘ืืจ ืืช ื–ื™ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœื•ื ื–ื” ืœืžืกื›ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. ื ื•ืฆึตืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื›ึผืชื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ืืฃ ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื• "ื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืŸ" (ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืชื‘ื™-ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื•, ืœื ืืกืคื ื•ืœื ืฉืžืจื). ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืคืœื™ืืชื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื• ื•ื ืชื’ืœื” ืœื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื— ื”ื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจ ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื—ื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื, ืชืœืžื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืคื—ื•ืช (ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 1769, ืฉืœ "ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจ" ืžื™ื•ื 1 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2022). ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ื›ืชื‘-ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื’ื ื– "ืจึตืขึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื—ึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึธื‘ึธืŸ" ื ืขื–ืจืชื™ ืคึผึนื” ื•ืฉื ื‘ืกื›ืžืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื–ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœื•. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื. ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉื•ื ื™, ืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืื ืคืกื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืจื– ืื‘ื‘ื. ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื–ื•ื’ื™, ืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื˜ืจื•ื›ืื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืจื– ืื‘ืื‘. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื—ืจื™ื–ื” ื›ืืœื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืคืขื ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจืช "ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืคืจื™ื–" ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืึดืชื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืช (ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื›ึผึธื—ื•ึนืœ" ื•"ืึทืชึผึฐ ื ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืึดืžืจื” ืฆื•ื”ืœืช"). ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื“ื•ึผืืœื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื™ ืจื•ื— ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืจ ืžื”ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ืจึตืขึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื—ึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึธื‘ึธืŸ": โ€‹ืจึตืขึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื—ึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึธื‘ึธืŸ
ืฉืึฐื—ื•ึนืจ ื—ึธืจื•ึผืฉื ื‘ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืœึนื‘ึถืŸ ืœึนื-ื‘ึผึฐืจึธืง
ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึท ื—ึทื’ึผึธื™ื• โ€“ ืœึตื‘ ืœื•ึน ืขึฒื ึธืง
ื˜ึทืœ ื”ึธืึตื™ืŸ ืกื•ึนืฃ ืžึฐื˜ึปืžึผึธืŸ.


ืจึตืขึดื™ ื”ึทืœึผึธื‘ึธืŸ ื•ึฐืฉืึธื—ึนืจ
ื“ึผึฐืึตื‘ ื”ึทืฆึผึทืขึทืจ ื•ึทืขึฒื’ื•ึผื ื”ึธืึตื™ืžึธื”
ืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน ื›ึผึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทื“ึผื•ึผืžึธื”
ื•ึผืžึทืชึผึถื›ึถืช ืฉืึฐื—ื•ึนืจื•ึน ื›ึผึฐืžึดื–ึฐืžื•ึนืจ.


ื›ึผึฐื›ื•ึนื›ึธื‘ ื‘ึผึฐืขึดืงึฐื‘ื•ึนืช ื”ึทื ึผื•ึนื“ึตื“
ื•ึผื›ึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถืœึถื’ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึผืœึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทื›ึผื•ึผื›ึดื™ื
ื™ึทื–ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืจื•ึผ ื ื•ึนืคึดื™ื ื ึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึธื—ึดื™ื
ืฆื•ึนืคึฐื ึตื™ ืžื•ึนืจึธืื•ึนืช ืœึธืื•ึนื‘ึตื“.


ืกึฐืขึธืจื•ึนืช ื›ึผึฐื—ื•ึผื˜ึตื™ ื˜ึถืœึถื’ึฐืจึธืฃ
ื•ึผื‘ึธืจึถืงึทืข โ€“ ืจึฐืงึดื™ืขึท ืชึผื•ึผื’ึธื”
ื‘ึผึฐื–ึถืจึถื ืœึทื”ึถื‘ึถืช ืขึถืจึฐื’ึผึธื”
ืฉืึถืœ ื‘ึผึธื ืึถืœ ืึดื™ ื–ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ ื•ึฐืœึนื ืฉืึธื‘.


ืึทืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐืื•ึนืจึฐื—ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฆึผึดืคึผื•ึนืจ
ื—ึฒืกึดื™ื“ื•ึนืช ืคึผึธืจึฐืฉื‚ื•ึผ ื›ึผึฐื ึธืคึทื™ึดื
ื”ึตืŸ ืึทืขึทืœ ืึธื˜ื•ึผืก ืขึดืžึผึธื”ึถืŸ
ืจึตืขึดื™ ื”ึทืœึผึธื‘ึธืŸ ื•ึฐืฉืึธื—ึนืจ. โ€‹ *
ืึธืŸ? ืœึดืžึฐืงื•ึนื ื”ึทืกึผื•ึผืฃ ื‘ึผื•ึน ืจึนืืฉืื•ึน ืจึธืขื•ึผื“ ื”ื•ึผื
ืžึธืงื•ึนื ื‘ึผื•ึน ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน ืขื•ึนื˜ึถื” ืฉืึฐื—ึนืจึดื™ื
ื˜ึทืœ ืชึผึฐื—ึดื™ึผึธื” ืžื•ึผืœ ืžึถืจึฐื—ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึธืžึผึนื“ึผื•ึผ
ืžึดืชึฐืคึผึทืœึผึตืœ ืึถืœ ืขื•ึนืœึธืžื•ึนืช ืœึนื ื™ึฐืฆื•ึผืจึดื™ื.


ื–ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ ืึถื—ึธื“ ื”ึดื ึผึตื”ื•ึผ ื•ึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึตื™ื ึถื ึผื•ึผ โ€“
ืžึฐื—ื•ึนื– ื”ึทืฉึผืึดื›ึผึธืจื•ึนืŸ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐืคึดื›ึผึฐื—ื•ึผืช ืึทืœ ืกึฐื™ึธื’,
ื ื•ึนืฃ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื‘ึผึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื”ึทื ึผึฐืฉืึธืžื•ึนืช ืชึผึดื‘ึฐื›ึผึถื™ื ึธื”
ื•ึฐืึตืœึธื™ื• ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ื“ึผึทืขึทืช ืคึผึถื” ื™ึธืฉืึตืŸ ื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึทืง.


ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึดืฉึผืึธื ื”ึธืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึฐืฉืึธื ื ื•ึนืฆึทืจ ืœึธืœึถื›ึถืช
ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื—ึทื™ ืึถื—ึธื“ ื”ื•ึผื โ€“ ืจึทืง ืึถื—ึธื“...
ื”ึฒื™ื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืœึธื‘ื•ึผื– ืœึฐื—ึถืจึถื‘ ืžึดืชึฐื”ึทืคึผึถื›ึถืช
ื™ึฐืงึปื“ึผึทืฉื ื‘ึผึฐื“ึทื ื—ึธื–ื•ึนืŸ ืœึนื ื™ึฐื—ึปืžึผึทื“. ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื ืกื™ ืฉื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืœืžื“ ืื’ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืคึผึธืงื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืขืฉื” ืื– ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื•ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจืชื•. ื ื™ื›ึผืจ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืจึตืขึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื—ึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึธื‘ึธืŸ" ืžื ื”ืœ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืขื ืฉื™ืจื™ "ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™" ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ืฉื‘ึผื”ื ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื”, ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขื ืฃ ื”ื–ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืžื›ื–ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ึถื™ื”ึธ (ื•ืื•ืœื™, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื’ื ืื“ืžืช ื”ืกึดืคืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื—ืจืฉืช ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื). ืืฆืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืžื“ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆื—ื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืฉืžื™ืขื” ืืช ืฉื™ืจื”ึผ: "ื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึนื ื ึดืฆึฐืขึฒื“ึธื” [...] ื›ึผึธืœ ืคึผึฐืกึดื™ืขึธื” โ€“ ื‘ึผึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช [...] ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึธื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึผืœึทื™ / ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึผืœึตื™ ื“ึถืจึถืšึฐ ืœึนื ื ึดืฆึฐืขึฒื“ึธื” [...] ื›ึผึดื™ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืึฒื ึดื™ ื—ึดืžึผึทื“ึฐืชึผึดื™ [...] ืึถืœ ืžึฐื—ื•ึนื– ืงื•ึนืฅ ื•ึฐื“ึทืจึฐื“ึผึทืจ [...] ื›ึผึธื›ึธื” ื—ึดืžึผึทื“ึฐืชึผึดื™!" . ื’ื ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ื’ื ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžื“ ื ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื›ึผึธืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื™ื. ื’ื ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื’ื ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื•ื’ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™. ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ื”ืคึผึฐื ื™ื™ื” "ืจึตืขึดื™" ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”"ืงื ื•ื ื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ึทืจ ืคื ึถื™ืšึธ" ืžืชื•ืš "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ("ื‘ึผึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืจื•ึนืึถื” ืื•ึนืชึฐืšึธ, ืจึตืขึดื™") ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ "ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืจึฐืขื•ึผืช ื”ืจื•ื—" ("ืœึนื ืึถืฉืึฐื›ึผึทื— ื–ึนืืช, ืจึตืขึดื™"). ื”ืจึตืขึท ืฉืืœื™ื• ืคื•ื ื” ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืžื•ึผื›ึผืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืŸ-ืื“ื ืงืจื•ื‘, ืืš ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืจึดืข ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืื• ืืœ-ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืฉืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”"ืจึตืขึท" ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ึตืฉื•ึผืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ืจึตืขึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื—ึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึธื‘ึธืŸ" ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื•-ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ึธืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ืชื•ึนื ืœื‘ืŸ ื›ืฉืœื’ ื•ืชื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืžืฉื—ื•ืจ. ื“ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ืคื ื™ ื™ืื ื•ืก ืœื”: ืฆึดื“ื”ึผ ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื "ืงื™ืŸ" ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ ื•ืฆึดื“ื”ึผ ื”ืื—ึตืจ ื”ื•ื "ื”ื‘ืœ" ื”ืชืžื™ื, ื›ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ "ืื™ื’ืจืช", ืฉื‘ึผื•ึน ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื– ("ื ื•ึนืœึทื“ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืœึฐืคึธื ึถื™ืšึธ ืชึผึฐืื•ึนืžึดื™ื"), ืืฃ ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืจื’ ืืช ืื—ื™ื•. ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืžืช-ื—ื™ ื”ืžืชื”ืœืš ื›ืฆืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ึถืจึถื‘ ื”ืžืชื”ืคื›ืช. ื“ืžื•ืช-ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ื—ืฆื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ื—ืฆื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืืœืชืจืžื ื™ืช ืืฉืจ "ืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ึธื” ื•ึฐืึดื‘ึฐื—ึทืช ื—ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธื”ึผ / ื”ึตืŸ ื“ึผึฐืžื•ึผืช ืคึผึธื ึถื™ื”ึธ ื”ึทื ึผึถื—ึฐืฆื•ึนืช", ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉ"ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”" ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื“ื•ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืžืฆืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ึฒืคื›ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ "ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”" (ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฆืคื ื™ื” ื›ืฉื-ื ืจื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžึดืจืžื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืื”). ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืฆื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจึตืข ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ื—ืฆื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืช-ื”ื—ื™ ืž"ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื", ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ื”ื—ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื, ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ "ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅ" โ€“ ืฉืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืคื ื™ื• ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื” โ€“ ื‘ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืชื›ืชื™ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืขืกืงืŸ ื”ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—: "ื–ึถื” ื”ึธืจื•ึนืคึตื ืฉืึถืœึผึธื ื•ึผ, ื•ึฐื—ึดื™ึผื•ึผื›ื•ึน ืžึฐืึปื‘ึผึธืŸ [...] ืžึตื—ึฒืžึทืช ืฉืึถืžึผึทื—ึฒืฆึดื™ืช ืคึผึธื ึธื™ื• ืงึธืคึฐืึธื” ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึถืœึถื’ ื‘ึผึดื™ืžึตื™ ื”ึทืžึผึดืœึฐื—ึธืžึธื” ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธืžึดื™ืช [...] ืึทืšึฐ ืœึฐืขึดืงึผึธืจื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื”ื•ึผื ืจื•ึนืคึตื ืžึฐืฆึปื™ึผึธืŸ". ืื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืฉืคื ื™ื”ืŸ ื—ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืจึตืขึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื—ึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึธื‘ึธืŸ" ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืคืก ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื—ืจืฃ ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืกื™ืžึถื˜ืจื™ ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื˜ื™ ืœืžืจืื”, ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืœื‘ืŸ. ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืึตืœ ืขื•ื˜ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื›ืชื™ ืฆื‘ืขื• ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ืขื ืฉืœ "ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ึผืžึธื”" (ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช), ืืš ื’ื ืฆื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช โ€“ ืกืžืœ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ (ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื™ืฉื‘ ืื– ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ "ืฉืึถืœึถื’ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึผืœึดื™ื" ื”ื•ื ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืื™ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: La neige virginale), ืืš ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืคื•ืช ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื–ืจื—ื”, ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ึผืŸ ื’ืŸ-ื”ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืื’ื“ื™ (ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื›ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช). ื•ืœืืŸ ื˜ืก ื”ืื ื™-ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช? ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกืง ื•ืžืžืจื™ื ืืœ "ืžึฐื—ื•ึนื– ื”ึทืฉึผืึดื›ึผึธืจื•ึนืŸ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐืคึดื›ึผึฐื—ื•ึผืช ืึทืœ ืกึฐื™ึธื’" โ€“ ืืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ึผื•ึน ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ื‘ื›ื™. ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื ื•ื– ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืœื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืชื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ": "ืจึทืง ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐื›ึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทืฆึผึฐื—ื•ึนืง ืœึฐื‘ึทื“ึผึธื ืขื•ึนื“ ื™ึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึดื“ึฐืจึธื›ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื”ึธืึตืœึผื•ึผ, / ืขึทื“ ื™ึดืคึผึฐืœื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ืื•ึนื™ึตื‘ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืœึดื™ ืงึฐืจึธื‘" ). ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืืŸ ืืชืจ ื›ืžื•-ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง "ื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื•ืžืช", ืฉื‘ึผื•ึน ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืชืจ ืืœ "ื’ึผึฐื‘ื•ึผืœื•ึนืช ืึตื™ืŸ ื’ึผึฐื‘ื•ึผืœื•ึนืช, ืžึฐืงื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ึฒืคึธื›ึดื™ื ื™ึดืชึฐืึทื—ึฒื“ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐืฉืึธืจึฐืฉืึธื". ื•ืื•ืœื, ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ื”ืžืจืื” ืืœ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืงืžืื™ื™ื ื•ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื’ื ืžืื‘ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืึดื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช. ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ื’ื ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืขื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืืœ "ื”ื˜ื™ืคื” ื”ืžืจื”" ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžึตื™ ืขืœื•ืžื™ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. * ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ื ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคื ื™ื• ื—ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ("ืจึตืขึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื—ึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึธื‘ึธืŸ"), ื•ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ืจึทืข ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืื’ื‘ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ("ื—ื•ึผื˜ึตื™ ื˜ึถืœึถื’ึฐืจึธืฃ") ื•ื”ืงืžืื™ ("ืขื•ึนืœึธืžื•ึนืช ืœึนื ื™ึฐืฆื•ึผืจึดื™ื"; ืงืจื™, ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื•). ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื–ื™ืงื” โ€“ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ โ€“ ืœืฉื™ืจ "ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ" ืž"ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ". ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ" โ€“ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• โ€“ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื™ืžื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืŸ, ืขื ืงื˜ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืชื™ ("ื’ึผึทื ื”ึทื‘ึผึทืจึฐื–ึถืœ ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท ืขื•ึนื“ ื ึทื’ึผึตืŸ ื•ึผื ึฐืกึนืขึท"). ืืœื” ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื”ืขืกื™ืงื• ืืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืื—ืจื™ืช. ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืงื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”"ืžืงื•ืœืœ" ( poรจte maudit) ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื—ืคืŸ, ื”ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ืื ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช. ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืŸ ื™ืจืฉ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ "ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™" ืžืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื•ื“ืœืจ, ืฉืœึดื‘ึผึธื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืžืงื•ืœืœื™ื, ื”ืžืžืจื™ืื™ื ืœืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื ืืช ื”ืึตืœ ืืจืฆื”. ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืžืžืกื“ื™, ื”ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืงืกื™ืžื•ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”: ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื“ืžื”, ืืš ื’ื ื ื•ื•ื“ ื—ืกืจ ืงืจืงืข ื•ืžื•ืœื“ืช; ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืคื•ืจืข ื—ื•ืง, ืืš ื’ื ืื™ืฉ ื”ื ื–ืงืง ืœืขื–ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืง; ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื— ื—ืกืจ ืจื—ืžื™ื, ืืš ื’ื ื“ืžื•ืช ื˜ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืœืžื—ืกื” โ€“ ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ึผื›ึผื ืช ื•ืžืกื›ึผื ื” ื›ืื—ืช. ืฆืืฆืื•, ืชื•ื‘ืœ ืงื™ืŸ, ื ื•ื“ืข ื›"ืœึนื˜ึตืฉื ื›ึผึธืœ-ื—ึนืจึตืฉื ื ึฐื—ึนืฉืึถืช ื•ึผื‘ึทืจึฐื–ึถืœ", ื•ืฆืืฆื ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื• โ€“ ื™ื•ึผื‘ืœ โ€“ ื”ื™ื” "ืึฒื‘ึดื™ ื›ึผึธืœ-ืชึผึนืคึตืฉื‚ ื›ึผึดื ึผื•ึนืจ ื•ึฐืขื•ึผื’ึธื‘". ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ "ื”ืžืงื•ืœืœ", ืฉื›ื™ื ื•ืจื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืžืฆืžื™ื“ ืืคื•ื ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ื‘ืœ ืงื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืœ ื™ื•ึผื‘ืœ: ื”ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” โ€“ "ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื" ื•"ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช". ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ื—: ืงื™ืŸ ืžืกืžืœ ืืžื ื ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืงืจื‘ื ื ืœื ื ืจืฆื”, ืืš ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื• ื‘ื ื” ืขื™ืจ. ืžืฉืžืข, ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืŸ ื ืงืฉืจืช ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืื’ืจืจื™ ืฉื”ื›ื–ื™ื‘, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืื•ึผืจื‘ึผื ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ ืœึดื‘ึผื”ึผ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืž"ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™". ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืžื™ืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื•ึผืจื‘ึผื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื”ึธ ื•ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”. ื“ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ "ืื™ื’ืจืช" ("ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ") ืฉื‘ึผื•ึน ืจื•ืฆื— ืื— ืืช ืื—ื™ื•. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคืฉื• ื”"ืชืžื™ืžื”" (ื”ื ืื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืฉืœึตืžื”) ื•ื”ื—ื™ื’ืจืช ื›ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™-ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื ื•ื“ื“ืช ืืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื ื•ื—ืชื”. ื“ืžื•ืช ืงื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืœึทื•ื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืขื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”"ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช" ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” "ื”ืžืกื›ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”". ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ืจึตืขึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื—ึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึธื‘ึธืŸ" ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“, ืฉื‘ืงึดืจื‘ึผื•ึน ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื: ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื "ืจึตืขึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื—ึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึธื‘ึธืŸ", ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื• โ€“ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ โ€“ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืœ: ื˜ืœ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื "ืจึตืขึดื™ ื”ึทืœึผึธื‘ึธืŸ ื•ึฐืฉืึธื—ึนืจ", ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื• โ€“ ืฉื‘ืงึดืจื‘ึผื•ึน ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ โ€“ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ("ืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน ื›ึผึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทื“ึผื•ึผืžึธื”"). ื™ื•ืฆื ืืคื•ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืืžื ื ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืกืจ, ืฉืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ื’ื ื–, ืืš ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืคืจื ืก ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืœืกื•ื’ึถื™ื”ึธ ื•ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืชื™ื” โ€“ ืœืžืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจืช "ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืคืจื™ื–", ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืึดืชื• ืืจืฆื” ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื—ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ "ื™ืžื™ ืื•ึผืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื" ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื•. * ื ื•ืกื— ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ" ืžื™ื•ื 20.12.2020

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ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ-ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ-ืฉืœ-ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช-ื›ื‘ื•ืจื-ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช

ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ืจื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช

ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืงื“ - 28 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืงื“ / ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช 1880โ€”1980 (ื”') ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืฉื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืกื: ืžืื–ื ื™ื / 3 ืข"ื’, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1999 ( ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ื“ืคืกื”, ืืš ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื‘ืจ-ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ) ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื”ื•ืจื“ื” ื›ืงื•ื‘ืฅ PDF

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ื”ืขื™ืจ-ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช-ืืœืชืจืžืŸ-ืž-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื-ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ-ื•ืขื“-ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช-ืงื™ืฅ

ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ ืž"ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ื•ืขื“ "ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅ"

ืคื•ืจืกื: ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืก. 13, 2007 ( ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืœื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืฃ ) ... ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืขื™ืจ ื–ื•, ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 15 ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” "ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”" ืขื“ ื ืกื™ืขืชื• ืœืฆืจืคืช, ืœืฉื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืื’ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช. ื“ื•ืžื ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืคืจื™ื– ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ืขืชื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ื›ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื•, ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื”"ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ ื•ืคืขืœ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื”ืืจืฅ" ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉื™ืจื™ "ืจื’ืขื™ื" ื•"ืกืงื™ืฆื•ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช" (ืœื™ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžืื™ืจ ื•ื™ื–ืœื˜ื™ืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” ื›ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืืœืชืจืžื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ื–ืš). ืืš ืœื ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื” ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืืœื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืืชืจ... ืœื—ืฆื• ืœื”ื•ืจื“ื” ื›ืงื•ื‘ืฅ PDF (ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืฉื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื - ื™ืชื›ื ื• ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจื™ื) ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ ืž"ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ื•ืขื“ "ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅ" ื”ืจืฆืืชื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื ืกื‘ื” ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชืงืคื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืขื™ืจ ื–ื•, ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 15 ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” "ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”" ืขื“ ื ืกื™ืขืชื• ืœืฆืจืคืช, ืœืฉื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืื’ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช. ื“ื•ืžื ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืคืจื™ื– ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ืขืชื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื•ื›ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื•, ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื”"ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ ื•ืคืขืœ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื”ืืจืฅ" ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉื™ืจื™ "ืจื’ืขื™ื" ื•"ืกืงื™ืฆื•ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช" (ืœื™ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžืื™ืจ ื•ื™ื–ืœื˜ื™ืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” ื›ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืืœืชืจืžื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ื–ืš). ืืš ืœื ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื” ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืืœื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ื”ืื•ึผืจื‘ึผื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• โ€“ ืœืžืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ื•ืกืจ ืžืคืจื™ื–, ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื–ื™ื•, ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืคื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•, ืฉื™ืจื™ "ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅ" ืž-1965. ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื• ืฆื™ืคื• ืžืžื ื• ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื“ื”, ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืง ื•ืขืฆื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ืืช ื™ืขืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ . ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ืื“ื ื ื‘ื•ืš ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื”ืจื•ืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืืฉืคืชื•ืช, ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืœืจ, ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืจืœื™ ืฆ'ืคืœื™ืŸ, ืื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงืคืงื, ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื” ื ืขืจืš ื›ื ืก ื–ื”. ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ื”ืงืœืกื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžืขื™ืงืจื”, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืขืœ-ืคื™-ืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื•ืขืข ื‘ื—ื™ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืขื ื”ืจื•ืขื” ื”ืชืžื”. ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื”ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืชื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ, ืื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื” ื”ื™ืขืจ, ื•ืืฆืœื ื• ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ื•ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืขืœ ื›ืคืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื ื”ืฉืื ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ื—ื•ืžืช ื™ืขืจื™ื. ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื•ึผืจื‘ึผื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืืžื ื ืกื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ืฉืœ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ, ืืš ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ื˜ืขื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืงืจื“ื™ื ืœื™ืช ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืืœ ืœื‘ ืœึดื‘ึผื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืืช "ื›ืจื›ื™ืืœ" ื”ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืž"ื˜ ืฉืขืจื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืชื™ืืจ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• "ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืคื•ืœืช ื•ื”ืคื™ื•ืก" ืืช ืคืจืื’, ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘-1937 (ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื’ื ืคืจื•ืค' ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืคืจื•ืค' ื—ื’ื™ืช ื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ). ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืฉื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื–ื”, ื‘ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืคื›ื ืžืกืชื‘ืจื, ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ. ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื–ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืจื›ืช ืœึทื—ึฒืคืฆื™ื ื•ึฐืœึดืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื (ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื‘ ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข estrangement ืื• defamiliarization). ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ึผื›ึผืจ ืœื–ืจ ื•ืœืžื ื•ื›ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ึผื›ึผืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืขื•ื“ื• (ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• "ืื™ื’ืจืช": "ืœึฐืšึธ ืึตืœึดื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ืคืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื™ื"). ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ "ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื•ืข" ื”ื•ืคืš ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ืจื” ื•ื”ื ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืคืžื™ืœื™ืืจื™ืช, ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ึผื›ึผืจืช, ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ, ื›ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื. ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœืืกื›ื•ืœื”, ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืจื‘ื• ื•ืžื•ืจื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ืขื™ืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ืช ื‘ื”"ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• โ€“ ืœืžืŸ ืคืจื™ื– ื”ืžื›ื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืขืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื• ืฉื ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1929-1935 ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืจื™ "ืจื’ืขื™ื" ืฉืคืจืกื ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ", ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" (1938), ื•ืžืžื ื” ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื" (1941), ืืœ ื ื•ื ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื" (1944), ืืœ ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•, ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืชืžืขืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”" (1957), ื•ืขื“ ืœืขื™ืจ "ืกื˜ืžื‘ื•ืœ", ื”ืœื ื”ื™ื ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉืœ "ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅ" (1965). ืื’ื‘, ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืกื˜ืžื‘ื•ืœ", ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื‘ื‘ืœ" (ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ [BOVL]), ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืคื™ ื”ืขื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืœื•ืœื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœืงื”, ื•ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื” ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืžืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืžืœืื” ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืจื‘-ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืงืฆื•ืช ืชื‘ืœ. ื›ืžื• ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ, ื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืžืฉ ืกื˜ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื“ื’ื ื•ืžื•ืคืช ืœืขื™ืจ ืจื‘ืช ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžื’ืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกื™ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืืฆืœื• ืžืฉืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ืœื”, ืขืจืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืชื•ืช ืืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื ืชื’ืœื’ืœื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื•ืžืžื ื• โ€“ ืืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื: ืืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื›ื” ืขื“ ืขืคืจ ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืจืืฉ. ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื’ืจืชื•, ื”ื•ื›ืชืจื” ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช "ื™ืžื™ ืื•ึผืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื", ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœ "ื™ืžื™ ืคื•ืžืคื™ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื", ื•"ืื•ึผืจ" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ืขื™ืจ". ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• โ€“ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื•ื•ืœื“ ืฉืคื ื’ืœืจ "ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘" ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืžื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืชื— ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื’ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืฆืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื˜ื•ื โ€“ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืช ื—ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ืกืžืœ ื•ื›ืžืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื—ื•ึผืช ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”. ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ืขืœ ืชึผึดืœื”, ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœืจื‘ืขื™ื, ื—ืฆื•ื™ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ืฉืจื™ื, ืืช ืชืžืฆื™ืชื” ื•ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืชื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ืคืจื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ืœื›ืœ ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ "art & nature" โ€“ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื (ื•ืœืžื™ืœื” "art" ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช "artifice" ื•"artifact", ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื›ืœื›ื•ืœ). ืืžื ื ืœื ื”ืจื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœ ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื, ืืš ืœื‘ื•ืจืื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•-ืืœื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื™ื•ืฆืจ" (creator), ืœืœืžื“ืš ืฉื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืืžืŸ ืžื—ื•ืœืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช. ื’ื ืืช ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื” ืžื ื” ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื™ื (ื•ื‘ื”ื ื“ืœืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื—), ื”ื•ื ืžืชื— ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ ื›ึผึฐืจืš ื•ื‘ื• ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ ื›ึผึถืจืš ื•ื‘ื• ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื, ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื“ืœืชื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ื—ื™ื”ื. ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื”ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื˜ืขื ื• ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืฉืคืœื•ื ื™, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื’ื•ื ื‘ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื. โ€ื‘ืชื™ื?" ืชืžื” ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, "ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช...". ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืคื›ื• ืืฆืœื• ืœืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืžืจื”, ื•ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื "art " ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ ืฉื”ื•ื "nature". ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืื•ืจืชื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื–ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื™ืขืจ, ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืื•ืจ ืœืจืื™, ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืžึดืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคืš ื‘ื” ืœืจืื™ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžื•ืฆืง ื”ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ื ืืžืจื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืžื™ื ื™ ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืจื›ื•ืช: ืืžืจื• ืฉืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื–, ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ื ืขืœ ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™-ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื“ืœืง ืื•ืจ ื ืจ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืืš ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™. ืื ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื– โ€“ ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื”ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืฅ ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื›ืขืฅ ื”ืฉืงืžื”? ืื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ื ืขืœ ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื "ืื ื“ืจื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ", ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช. ืื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช? ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื™ืฉืŸ, ื‘ื—ืจ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ืขื™ืจ ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ืขืœ ื‘ืืจื•ืชื™ื”, ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื›ืจื›ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื™ื” โ€“ ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื“ืคื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ ืื’ื“ื” ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื” ืขืœื™ื– ื•ืžืชืจื•ื ืŸ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื”ื“ืงื“ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™-ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ ืืžื™ืœ ื•ืจื”ืืจืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™-ืจื•ืกื™ ื•ืœื›ืจืš "ื›ืจื›ื™ืืœ" ื”ืงื•ื“ืจ ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื“ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืขื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจื™ ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืฉื•ืงืขื•ืช ื•ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ืžืคื™ื— ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ื” ื‘ื”ืงื• ื‘ืœื•ื‘ื ื. ื˜ืขื• ืืœื” ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืžื™ืช. ืืžื ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืœื˜ืจื-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ืฉื“ื” ืชืขื•ืคื” ื›ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื–ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื•ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื ื•ืคื™ื. ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘"ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ืขืœ ื–ืžื ื•, ืขืœ ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืขืจืš ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžื•ื ื˜ื–' ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื– ื”ื“ืงื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืชืžื™ืžื”, ืฉื‘ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ ื•ื›ืชื‘. ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ืœืง ื”ื ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื™ืžื™ ืขืจื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืจื™ืขื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื• ื ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื™ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ืžืฉื™ืจื™ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ", ื”ืื—ื“ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืคื™ืกื•ืง, ื”ืงื•ื˜ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฆืฃ, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ-ืฉื•ืฆืฃ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืคื™ืกื•ืง: ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื, ื”ืœื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ "ืœื™ืœ ืงื™ืฅ", ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื›ืš, ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ ื”ืืฉืคืชื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืฆื•ืจืชื ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื›ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืชืจื•ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืžื“ื™ ื ืžืจ ืขื ืง, ืœืžืžื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืช ื˜ืจืฃ ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืขืฆื•ืžืช ืžืžื“ื™ื, ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืชืจื” ืื—ืจ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื’ึทืข ื•ืจื›ึผื•ึผืช, ื›ืžื• "ืœื™ืœื”. ื›ืžื” ืœื™ืœื”. ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืฉืงื˜. / ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื". ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืœื‘ ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืžืขื•ื ื’, ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื’ื•ืจื ื—ื“ ื•ื—ื•ืชืš (ืฉืจื™ืงื”, ืกื›ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืงื”, ืฆืœืฆื•ืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ, ืฆืœื™ืคืช ืžื’ืœื‘) ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื“ืžื” ื”ื ืขื™ืžื”. ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืชืืจ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืœื›ื™ืžื™ ืžื›ื•ืฉืฃ, ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืคื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘, ื‘ืชืžืจื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ืฉืคืช ื”ื–ื• ืืœื ื“ืจืš ืœืชืืจ ืขื™ืจ ืจื’ืœื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ืœื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช, ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื–ื”ื•ื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืฉืขืช ื”ืชืจื“ืžื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืชื™ื” ืžืชื›ืกื™ื ื›ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจืคืœ ืืคืœ, ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืขืœืžื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื—ืœืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื”: ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ืฉืขื” ืฉื—ืœื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื ื“ืœืงื™ื ืื˜ ืื˜ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ืจื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื”ื•ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช "ื‘ื ื”ื™ืžื” ืžื•ืจืขื‘ืช" ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขืžืœ ื•ืžืœืื›ื”. ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืžืชืืจื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืžืขื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื” ืจื•ื“ืคืช ืขื•ื ื”, ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœ ืœื“ื”, ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืชืจื•ืžื ืžืคื—ื™ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื•ื—ืชื•ืœื™ ื”ืืฉืคืชื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืžืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ืืš ื’ื ืœื•ื›ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืžื“ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— (ื”ืžื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืžื™ื) ื•ืžืขืœ ืœืขื‘ื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”-correspondances ืžืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื•ื“ืœืจ, ืฉืœืคื™ื”ื ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืงืจื•ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ืžืชืืจื’ื ืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืชื•ืึทื ื’ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืœื•ื›ื“ ืืช ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื: ื”ืื•ืจืš ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘, ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื•ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”. ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื ื’ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื ืกื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆืœื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื’ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืกืžืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžื™ืœื” "ื™ืจืงืจืง" ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ (ื›ืžื• ื‘"ืืกืชืจ ื™ืจืงืจื•ืงืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื•ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ืกื“ ืžืฉื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”" (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื’ ืžื˜), ืื• "ื›ื ืคื™ ื™ื•ื ื” ื ื—ืคื” ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจืงืจืง ื—ืจื•ืฅ" (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืกื— ื™ื“), ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื" ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืžืื™ื•ื‘ "ื‘ืฉื•ืžื™ ืขื ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื• ื•ืขืจืคืœ ื—ืชื•ืœืชื•" (ืื™ื•ื‘ ืœื—, ื˜). ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื—ื ื™ืš ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืงื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘, ื ื”ื’ ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื–ื›ืจ ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ืคืœืื”, ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื•ื ื“ื™ืจื”. ืชื›ื•ื ืชื” ื”ื“ื•ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื’ืข, ืื’ื‘ ื”ืฆื‘ืชื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืจืฆืฃ ืžืขื’ืœื™ (ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืœืขืชื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืœื•ื›ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืขืฆืžื”, ืื• ืืช ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื” ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ). ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืœื™ืœ ืงื™ืฅ" ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช "ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื–ื”ื•ื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื˜ ืื˜ ืœืงืจืืช ืฉืขืช ื”ืชืจื“ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื• ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืžืจื•ืช ืขืฉืŸ ืื‘ื™ืš; ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ: ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื›ืืŸ ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื ื“ืœืงื™ื ืื˜ ืื˜ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ืจื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื”ื•ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉืขื™ืจ ื–ื• ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืœ ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ืš ื‘ื ื”ื™ืžื” ืžื•ืจืขื‘ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ื ืขืžืœ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืœืงืจืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืฆื™ืจื™ื” ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ "ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื". ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืกืคืง ืชื™ืื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” (ืชืžื•ื ืช ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืžืชื”ืคื›ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืชื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื‘ื“ืžื™ื”), ืกืคืง ืชื™ืื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืงืฅ ื•ื”ื›ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ (ืชืžื•ื ืช ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืงืขืช ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”, ืฆื™ืจื™ ื“ืœืชื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ื“ื™ื ื ืคืจืฆื• ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืžืชื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื). ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ โ€“ "ื”ืกืขืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืคื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ" โ€“ ืงืฉื” ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื’ืขื•ืช ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื ืจื’ืฉืช. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื ืจื’ืข ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ืงื" ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื ืง, ืฉื”ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื’ื•ืฉืฉื•ืช "ืืœ ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื" ื•ืขืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืฉืฉ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ื’ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืคื›ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืงื" ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื’ื ื“ืขื™ื›ื” (ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ "ืงืžื• ืขื™ื ื™ื•" ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื›ื”ื• ื•ืคืกืงื• ืœืจืื•ืช"), ื•ื’ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื ืจื’ืข" ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื•: ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ืฉื•ืง ื ื— ืžื–ืขืคื•, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ ืจื’"ืข ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื”, ืžืชื•ืš ืงืจื‘ืชื• ืœืจื’"ื– ื•ืจื’"ืฉ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืื™ "ืจื’ืข ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ื”ืžื• ื’ืœื™ื•" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื ื ื˜ื•). ื›ืœื•ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืืคื•ื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื•ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืจื’ืขื” ืื• ืจื•ื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ื– ืžืจื‘ืฆื•. ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืจื™ ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—: ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื’ื™ืขื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืงื™ืฆื” ื ืจื’ืฉืช, ื‘ืื™ืžื” ืื• ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”, ื‘ืžืจืื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืื• ืžืœื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืื ื“ืจื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ" ื›ืœื•ืœ ืจืžื– ืœืื’ื“ืช ื”ืชื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืกืงืจ ื•ื™ื™ืœื“ ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื–ื•ืœื’ื•ืช ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื™ื’ื•ืŸ. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืจื™ื—ื ื™ ืžื’ืฉื โ€“ ืื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ืฉื ืžืจืขื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืื•ืชื”, ื ื•ืกืš ื‘ื” ืฉืžื—ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื“ื•ืžื™ื "ื™ืงื•ื“ ืคืจื™ื—ื”" ืืฆืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืจืขื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื• ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื”: ื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื•ื” ื•ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœืงืช. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื‘ ืืช ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืื ื“ืจืกืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืžื•ื– ื’ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืคืœื” ื•ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื ืื™ื‘ื™ื•ึผืช ืฉืœ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืฉื•ึผืง ื›ืจื’ืข ืœืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืขื” ื•ื›ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืขืจ ืœืจืกืŸ. ื”ืฉื•ืง ืขืœ ืงืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื“ื•ื›ื ื™ื• ืขืžื•ืกื™ ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื”ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ืชื’ืจื ื™ื• ื”ืžืคืจื™ื—ื™ื ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžืขืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืคื ื™ื โ€“ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” (ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื’ืขื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช) ืืชืจ ืจื™ืืœื™ ื•ืกืžืœื™, ืžืœื ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ "art" ื•ืฉืœ "nature" โ€“ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ืื•ึผืจื‘ึผื ื™ืช ืงืฉื”, ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืœื˜, ื•ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ืคืกื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืช. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื•ึผืง ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืœืœื ื–ื™ืงื” ืืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช ื•ื”ื“ืงื“ื ื˜ื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืคืจ, ื•ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืฉืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื•ืฉืœ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ ืขื™ืจ. ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืœืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžืžื” ื•ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื (ืื’ื‘ ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” urban ื ื’ื–ืจื” ื’ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” urbane, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ื˜ืจืงืœื™ื ื™" ื•ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืคื•ืœื™ืก" ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื•ืžืฉืžืขืช, ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช: politeness = ื ื™ืžื•ืก, politics = ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, police = ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, policy = ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ื•ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžื ื‘ืœื™ ืคื”, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื•ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™, ืœืœื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืš ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืงืข. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื™ื“ืื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืกื•ืคื™. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื ื“ืจืฉ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœืื•ืชื• ื ื•ืฉื ืขืฆืžื•: ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื›ืžื˜ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ื›ืžืฉืœ ืœืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ (ื›ืฉื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื•ื•ืœื“ ืฉืคื ื’ืœืจ) ื•ืœืงืฅ ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื–ื (ื›ืฉื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ืœื•ืง). ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืฉืคื ื’ืœืจ, ืจืื” ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืื’ื‘ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื, ื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืฉื‘ ืกื•ืคื” ืื—ื“, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืกืžื•ื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืขืžืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชืงื•ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจืก ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืืจื•ืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ืงืœ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื•ืœื ืชืฅ, ืืš ืงืฉื” ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืœืงื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืชื• ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืงื™ืค ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืฆืืชื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ื•ื’ื” ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืคื•ืœ ื•ื•ืœืจื™ (Valรฉry)โ€“ Notes sur la grandeur et la dรฉcadance de lยดeurope โ€“ ("ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื” ื•ืฉืงื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”") ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• Regards sur le monde actuel ("ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื•"). ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื›ื” ืจื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืื“ื, ืžืจื•ื‘ ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ื ื•ืง ื“ืงื“ื ื˜ื™, ืžืกื™ื’ ืžื‘ืœื™ ื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืจื•ืžื– ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื•ืืคื™ืก ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ื ื•ื“ืข "ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื", ื›ื™ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื˜ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืžื– ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœื—ืœืฅ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ", ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื—ื–ื”ื• "ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก" (ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘), ืื•ืžืจ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจืง ืžืคืจืงื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื” ื”ืกื˜ื™ื›ื™ื” โ€“ ืคื’ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ืืกื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืขืžืœ. "ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื" ืฉืœื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื ื•ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœ"ืืคืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ" โ€“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืช ืœื‘ืื•ืช โ€“ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื ืฉืœืคื™ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืขื™ืจ ืขืชื™ืจืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืจื•ื— ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื’ืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื›ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื•ืฉืื ื ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื”. ื”ื›ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื’ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืชื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื•ืข. ื”ื•ื ื›ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืจืš ืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ืขืœื ืื—ื“ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช โ€“ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืื™ืžื” โ€“ ื•ืขืจื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื˜ื” ื•ืชืงื•ืžื”. ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื™ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืžื•, ื•ื—ืฉืจืช ืขื ื ื™ื ื ืงืฉืจืช ืžืขืœ ืชื‘ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœ "ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื" ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ โ€“ ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช โ€“ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืชึผึดืœื” ื•ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืื•ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื ื“ืจ " ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืžืœื•ืš ื›ึผึดื ึผึธื ื•ืœื ืชืžืœื•ืš ืฆืคืจื“ืข / ื•ืœื ื™ืคืœื• ืขืžื™ื ื ึทืฉึผืึตืง ืืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ื. // ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ื•ืฆืฅ ืฉืœ ื—ืจื‘ ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ / ืชื ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื— ื‘ืขืœื™ื / ืขืœื™ ืขืคืจ ื ืฆื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืขืฆื‘ / ื ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืœื™ื. [...] ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืชื›ืœื” ืœื• ืื™ืŸ / ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืžืŸ, ืฉืืคืก ืœื• ืงืฅ / ื›ืœ ื ืขืจ ื™ืคืชืจื ื”, ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ / ืจืืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืกื™ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื” ืžืชื ืคืฅ".

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ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™-ื•ื™ืœื™ืื-ื‘ื˜ืœืจ-ื™ื™ื˜ืก-13-william-butler-yeats

ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื˜ืœืจ ื™ื™ื˜ืก - 13 - William Butler Yeats

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืื™ืจื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื˜ืœืจ ื™ื™ื˜ืก (1865 โ€“ 1939), ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉื ืช 1923, ื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืงืกืžื. ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ " ื”ืืจืฅ ", ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช " ืงืฉืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ", " ื’ื’ ", " ืœื™ื˜ืจื˜ื•ืจื” ", " ืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึน " ื•-" ื”ื• !". ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื ืฉื‘ื™ืขืจ" ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืคืจืกื•ืžื, ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ืจื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื. Down By the Salley Gardens Down by the salley gardens my love and I did meet; She passed the salley gardens with little snow-white feet. She bid me take love easy, as the leaves grow on the tree; But I, being young and foolish, with her would not agree. In a field by the river my love and I did stand, And on my leaning shoulder she laid her snow-white hand. She bid me take life easy, as the grass grows on the weirs; But I was young and foolish, and now am full of tears. ื‘ืฆืœ ื’ื ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ื‘ึผึฐืฆึตืœ ื’ึผึทื ึผึตื™ ื”ึธืขึฒืจึธื‘ึธื” ื—ึธื–ึดื™ืชึดื™ ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื‘ึผึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนื ึธื”, ื—ึถืžึฐื“ึผึทืช-ืœึดื‘ึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึทื’ึผึทืŸ ื—ึธืœึฐืคึธื” ืจึทื’ึฐืœึธื”ึผ ืฆึฐื—ื•ึนืจึธื”, ืงึฐื˜ึทื ึผึธื”. ื”ึธืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื” ืงึทื— ื‘ึผึฐืงึทืœึผื•ึผืช ื›ึผึฐืฆึดื™ืฅ ืขึทืœ ืขึตืฅ ื™ึดื ึฐื‘ึผึนื˜ ืึทืšึฐ ืจึทืšึฐ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึดื™ ื•ึถืึฑื•ึดื™ืœ. ืœึดื‘ึผึดื™ ืขื•ึนื“ ืœึนื ื ึตืื•ึนืช. ื‘ึผึธืึธื—ื•ึผ ืœึฐื™ึทื“ ืฉื‚ึฐืคึทืช ืขึฒื™ึธื ื•ึนืช ืขึธืžึทื“ึฐื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึธืื•ึนืจึธื”, ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื›ึผึฐืชึตืคึทื™ ื”ึธืจึฐื›ื•ึผื ื•ึนืช ื”ึตื ึดื™ื—ึธื” ื™ึธื“ ืฆึฐื—ื•ึนืจึธื”. ืงึทื— ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืงึทืœึผึดื™ืœื•ึผืช ื›ึผึธืขึตืฉื‚ึถื‘ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื—ื•ึนืฃ ืึทืšึฐ ืจึทืšึฐ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึดื™ ื•ึถืึฑื•ึดื™ืœ. ืขึทืชึผึธื” ื›ึผึปืœึผึดื™ ืžึทื›ึฐืื•ึนื‘. Her Praise SHE is foremost of those that I would hear praised. I have gone about the house, gone up and down As a man does who has published a new book, Or a young girl dressed out in her new gown, And though I have turned the talk by hook or crook Until her praise should be the uppermost theme, A woman spoke of some new tale she had read, A man confusedly in a half dream As though some other name ran in his head. She is foremost of those that I would hear praised. I will talk no more of books or the long war But walk by the dry thorn until I have found Some beggar sheltering from the wind, and there Manage the talk until her name come round. If there be rags enough he will know her name And be well pleased remembering it, for in the old days, Though she had young men's praise and old men's blame, Among the poor both old and young gave her praise. ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื”ึดื™ื ืจึดืืฉืื•ึนื ึธื” ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐืขึตื™ื ึทื™ ืœึธื”ึผ ืชึผึฐื”ึดืœึผึธื” ื™ึธืึธื”. ืกึธื‘ึทื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืœึดื™ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื—ึฒื“ึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื’ึถืจึถื ืžึทื“ึฐืจึฐื’ื•ึนืช, ื ึดืจึฐื’ึผึธืฉื ื›ึผึฐืึดื™ืฉื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืกึดืคึฐืจื•ึน ื–ึถื” ืึทืšึฐ ื™ึธืฆึธื ืœึธืื•ึนืจ ืื•ึน ื›ึผึฐืขึทืœึฐืžึธื” ืฉืึถื”ึดืชึฐื”ึทื“ึผึฐืจึธื” ืœึธื”ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืœึฐื‘ึผื•ึผืฉื ื—ึธื“ึธืฉื ืึทืฃ ืฉืึถื”ึดื˜ึผึตื™ืชึดื™ ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึดื™ื—ึท ืฉืึถื ึผึตืขื•ึนืจ ื‘ึผึฐืชึทื—ึฐื‘ึผื•ึผืœื•ึนืช ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืฉืึถืฉึผืึฐืžึธื”ึผ ืœึนื ื™ึตืขึธืœึตื ืึดืฉึผืึธื” ืึทื—ึทืช ื“ึผึดื‘ึผึฐืจึธื” ืขึทืœ ืกึตืคึถืจ ืฉืึถืงึผึธืจึฐืึธื” ืึดื™ืฉื ืžึฐื‘ึปืœึฐื‘ึผึธืœ ืึถื—ึธื“ ื“ึผึดื‘ึผึตืจ ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื—ื•ึนืœึตื ื›ึผึฐืึดืœึผื•ึผ ืฉืึตื ืึทื—ึตืจ ืœื•ึน ื‘ึผึถื—ึธื–ื•ึนืŸ ื ึดืจึฐืึธื”. ื”ึดื™ื ืจึดืืฉืื•ึนื ึธื” ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐืขึตื™ื ึทื™ ืœึธื”ึผ ืชึผึฐื”ึดืœึผึธื” ื™ึธืึธื”. ืœึนื ืึฒื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ืขื•ึนื“ ืขึทืœ ืกึฐืคึธืจึดื™ื ืื•ึน ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืžึผึดืœึฐื—ึธืžึธื” ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทืงึผื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ืึถื“ึผื•ึนื“ ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ืขึทื“ ืกื•ึนืคึธื”ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึดื™ื—ึธื” ืึทื˜ึผึถื” ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื™ึปื–ึฐื›ึผึทืจ ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืฉืึฐืžึธื”ึผ ื•ึฐืœื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืคึดื™ ืงึทื‘ึผึฐืฆึธืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึดืกึฐืชึผึทืชึผึตืจ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืกึผื•ึผืคึธื”. ื•ึฐืึดื ืœึฐื‘ื•ึผืฉื ืงึฐืจึธืขึดื™ื ื”ื•ึผื, ืžึดื™ึผึธื“ ื™ึทื›ึผึดื™ืจ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื–ึตื›ึถืจ ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ื”ึทื”ึตื ื™ึดืžึฐืฆึธื ื”ึธืึดื™ืฉื ืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื”. ืึดื ืฆึฐืขึดื™ืจึดื™ื ื™ึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื”ึธืœึตืœ, ื–ึฐืงึตื ึดื™ื ื™ึดืชึฐืœื•ึผ ืึธืฉืึธื ื”ึทืงึผึทื‘ึผึฐืฆึธื ึดื™ื, ื–ึฐืงึตื ึดื™ื ื•ึผืฆึฐืขึดื™ืจึดื™ื ื’ึผึทื ื™ึทื—ึทื“, ื™ึทืขึฒืœื•ึผ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐื—ึธื”ึผ. โ€‹ืืœ-ื ื ืชืฉื’ื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ืื™ืŸ ืงืฅ ืึทืœ ื ึธื ืชึผึดืฉืึฐื’ึผึถื”, ืจึตืขึดื™, ื‘ึผึฐืึทื”ึฒื‘ึทืช ืึตื™ืŸ ืงึตืฅ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืึธื”ึทื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™ ื›ึผึธืœ ื™ึธืžึทื™ ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ื—ึดืฉึผืื•ึผื‘ึตื™ ื–ึฐืžึทื ึผึดื™ื, ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื”ึทื’ึผึดื™ืœ ืื•ึนืชึดื™ ื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ื›ึผึธืœึดื™ืœ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึทื—ึฒื–ื•ึนืจ ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึผึฐืฉืึธื ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทื‘ึผึธืœึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทืคึผึดื–ึฐืžื•ึนื ึดื™ื. ื‘ึผึทืขึฒืœื•ึผืžึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื—ึธืœึฐืคื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ืฉืื•ึผื‘ ื”ึทืงึผึถืฉืึถืจ ืฉืึถืึธืจึฐื’ึธื” ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึตื ื•ึผ ืœึนื ืคึผึธื—ึทืช. ื—ึธืœึทืงึฐื ื•ึผ ื–ึถื” ืขึดื ื–ึถื” ืึถืช ื”ึดืจึฐื”ื•ึผืจึตื™ ื”ึทืœึผึตื‘ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืฉืึฐื ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึฐืžึทื”ื•ึผืช ืึทื—ึทืช ืึทืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐื“ึทืงึผึธื” ืคึผึธื ึฐืชึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ืœึฐืึธื—ื•ึนืจ ืึทืœ ื ึธื ืชึผึนืื”ึทื‘ ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ื—ึดืฉึผืื•ึผื‘ึตื™ ื–ึฐืžึทื ึผึดื™ื ืคึผึธืŸ ื”ึทื—ึฒืœื•ึนืฃ ื™ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึฒืšึธ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึทื—ึฐื–ื•ึนืจ ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึผึฐืฉืึธื ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทื‘ึผึธืœึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทืคึผึดื–ึฐืžื•ึนื ึดื™ื. โ€‹O Do Not Love Too Long Sweetheart, do not love too long: I loved long and long, And grew to be out of fashion Like an old song. All through the years of our youth Neither could have known Their own thought from the other's, We were so much at one. But O, in a minute she changed - O do not love too long, Or you will grow out of fashion Like an old song. ื”ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžื‘ื›ื” ืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืื”ื‘ืชื• ื™ึธื“ ืฉืึฐืงึตื˜ึธื”, ืจึนืืฉื ื—ึดื•ึผึตืจ ื•ึฐืฆึดื™ืฆึทืช ืจึนืืฉื ืงึฐืœื•ึผืฉืึธื” ืœึดื™ ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื‘ึผึถืขึธื‘ึธืจ ื™ึฐื“ึดื™ื“ึทืช-ื ึถืคึถืฉื ื™ึธืคึธื”. ื•ึฐื—ึธืœึทืžึฐืชึผึดื™: ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึธื”ึผ ืœึฐืึทื—ึทืจ ื™ึตืื•ึผืฉืึธื”ึผ ืขื•ึนื“ ืชึผึดืžึฐืฆึธื ืขึดื ื”ึทื–ึผึฐืžึทืŸ ืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืกื•ึนืคึธื”ึผ. ืึทืšึฐ ื”ึดื™ื ืคึผึทืขึทื ืกึธืงึฐืจึธื” ืึถืช ืœึดื‘ึผึดื™ ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ืึถืช ืชึผึธื›ึฐื ื•ึน, ื•ึผืžึธืฆึฐืึธื” ืึถืช ืคึผึธื ึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื˜ึฐืžื•ึผื ึดื™ื ืฉืึธื. ืึธื– ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผึดื™ ื”ึธืœึฐื›ึธื” ื•ึฐื›ึปืœึผึธื”ึผ ืึฒื ึธื—ื•ึนืช ื•ึผื“ึฐืžึธืขื•ึนืช. โ€‹The Lover Mourns for the Loss of Love Pale brows, still hands and dim hair, I had a beautiful friend And dreamed that the old despair Would end in love in the end: She looked in my heart one day And saw your image was there; She has gone weeping away. He Tells of a Valley Full of Lovers I dreamed that I stood in a valley, and amid sighs, For happy lovers passed two by two where I stood; And I dreamed my lost love came stealthily out of the wood With her cloud-pale eyelids falling on dream-dimmed eyes: I cried in my dream โ€˜O women bid the young men lay Their heads on your knees, and drown their eyes with your hairโ€™, โ€˜Or remembering hers they will find no other face fair โ€˜Till all the valleys of the world have been withered away.โ€™ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืขืžืง ืฉืžืœื ื‘ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ึผึทื—ึฒืœื•ึนืžึดื™ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืขื•ึนืžึตื“ ื‘ึผึฐืขึตืžึถืง, ื”ึทืžึผึธืœึตื ื‘ึผึทืึฒื ึธื—ื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืคึผึธื ึทื™ ื–ื•ึผื’ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึผึดืชึฐืขึทื ึผึฐื’ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทืึฒื”ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืคึผึทืขึฒืžึตื™ ืึฒื”ื•ึผื‘ึธืชึดื™ ื”ึธืึฒื‘ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืžึดื™ึผึทืขึทืจ ืžึดืชึฐื’ึผึทื ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ื ืฉืึฐืžื•ึผืจื•ึนืช ืขึตื™ื ึถื™ื”ึธ ืžึฐืขึปื ึผึธื ื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึฐื™ื•ึนืงึธื ึธื”ึผ ื ึธื—ื•ึนืช. ื‘ึผึทื—ึฒืœื•ึนืžึดื™ ืงึธืจึธืืชึดื™: ื”ื•ึน ื ึธืฉืึดื™ื, ืึฑืžึนืจึฐื ึธื” ืœึทืฆึผึฐืขึดื™ืจึดื™ื ืจึนืืฉื ืœึฐื”ึทื ึผึดื™ื—ึท ืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึดืจึฐื›ึผึตื™ื›ึถืŸ, ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึทื˜ึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืขึท ืžึทื‘ึผึธื˜ึธื ื‘ึผึดืฉื‚ึฐืขึทืจึฐื›ึถืŸ, ืœึธืขึทื“ ืœึนื ื™ึดืžึฐืฆึฐืื•ึผ ืึทื—ึทืช ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืœึฐื—ึตืŸ ืขึฒื“ึตื™ ื›ึผึธืœ ืขึตืžึถืง ื‘ึผึทืชึผึตื‘ึตืœ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืฆึธื—ึดื™ื—ึท. The Rose if the World WHO dreamed that beauty passes like a dream? For these red lips, with all their mournful pride, Mournful that no new wonder may betide, Troy passed away in one high funeral gleam, And Usna's children died. ย  We and the labouring world are passing by: Amid men's souls, that waver and give place Like the pale waters in their wintry race, Under the passing stars, foam of the sky, Lives on this lonely face. ย  Bow down, archangels, in your dim abode: Before you were, or any hearts to beat, Weary and kind one lingered by His seat; He made the world to be a grassy road Before her wandering feet. ื”ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ึผืžึดื™ ื—ึธืฉืึทื‘ ืฉืึถื™ึผึฐืคึดื™ ืึดืฉึผืึธื” ื—ื•ึนืœึตืฃ ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื—ึฒืœื•ึนื? ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ืœ ืฉื‚ึดืคึฐืชึตื™ ืฉืึธื ึดื™, ืขึดื ื’ึผึทืึฒื•ึทืช ื”ึทื™ึผึดืกึผื•ึผืจึดื™ื ืžึดื™ืŸ ื™ึดืกึผื•ึผืจึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ืฉืึถื ึผึดืกึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื ึดืคึฐืœึธืื•ึนืช ืึตื™ื ึธื ืงื•ึนืจึดื™ื, ื”ึตืŸ ื˜ึฐืจื•ึผื™ึธื” ื ึถื—ึฐืจึฐื‘ึธื” ื•ึฐื ึดืงึฐื‘ึผึฐืจึธื” ืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ื™ื•ึนื ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื™ึทืœึฐื“ึตื™ ืื•ึผืกึฐื ึธื” ื‘ึผึทืช-ื”ึทื™ึผึธื’ื•ึนืŸ ืงึฐื‘ื•ึผืจึดื™ื. ื•ึฐืึธื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืขึฒืžึตืœึดื™ื ื—ื•ึนืœึฐืคึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ื”ึถืจึถืฃ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทืœึผึฐื‘ึธื‘ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืจื•ึนืขึฒื“ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืžึฐืงื•ึนืžึธื ืžึฐืคึทื ึผึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืžึทื™ึดื ื‘ึผึฐื”ึดื™ืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึดื™ืžึตื™ ืงึนืจ ืฆื•ึนื ึฐื ึดื™ื ืžึดืชึผึทื—ึทืช ืœึฐื›ื•ึนื›ึฐื‘ึตื™ ืžึธืจื•ึนื, ืฉืึถืœึผึธืจึธืงึดื™ืขึท ื”ึตื ื›ึผึฐืงึถืฆึถืฃ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฉืื•ึนื›ึตืŸ ืขึทืœ ืึตืœึผึถื” ื”ึทืคึผึธื ึดื™ื. ื”ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื—ึฒื•ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึดืžึฐืขื•ึนืŸ ื”ึธืขึฒืจึธืคึถืœ ื›ึผึฐืจื•ึผื‘ึตื™ ืžึธืจื•ึนื: ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื ื•ึนืฆึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื˜ึถืจึถื ืœึตื‘ ื™ึดืคึฐืขึทื ื‘ึผึทืึฒื“ึดื™ื‘ื•ึผืช ืœึตืึธื” ื™ึตืฉืึตื‘ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืก ืžื•ึผืจึธื ื”ื•ึผื ืฉืึถื ึผึธืชึดื™ื‘ ื‘ึผึธืจึธื ืœึฐื›ึทืฃ ืจึทื’ึฐืœึธื”ึผ, ื›ึผึปืœึผื•ึน ืžึฐืชึนื ืœึดื›ึฐืฉืึถืชึผึตืฆึตื ืœึดื ึฐื“ื•ึผื“ึถื™ื”ึธ ื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื.

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