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    • 26 ื‘ืื•ื’ืณ 2022

ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ - ื'*

ืขืœ ืฆืžื“ ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช-ื”ื‘ึผึทืœึผึธื”ึธื” ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ืœ"ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื" **

ืคื•ืจืกื: ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจ ( ืืœืชืจืžืŸ โ€“ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ) ,ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ 1775, 22/08/2022

ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจ 1775
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* ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืง ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1989 ื‘ืกืคืจื™"ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ". ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื‘ืืชืจ www.zivashamir.com ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” "ืกืคืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื“ื”".


ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ืชืžื™ืžื™ื" ื•ื›ืžื•-ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ื›ื™ืคื” ืื“ื•ืžื”" ืื• "ืจื•ืขืช ื”ืื•ื•ื–ื™ื", ืฉื›ึผึธืœืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" (1938), ื ืจืžื–ืช "ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘" โ€“ ืื•ืชื” ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืืคึผื•ึนืงืœื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ึผืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ื”ื™ื•ึผื“ื•ึน-ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช, ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• "ืœื’ื ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ึผืกืจ" ื•"ืžืขึตื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืข".


ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉื ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื’ื ืžืกึดืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืื•ึนึนืกื•ื•ืœื“ ืฉืคึผึถื ื’ืœืจ, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช "ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘" ื•ื’ื ืžื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ืœื•ึนืง ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช "ืงืฅ ื”ื”ื•ึผืžื ื™ื–ื", ื”ืคืš ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืžืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•"ื‘ื•ืขืจืช". ื›ืžื™ ืฉืœืžื“ ื–ื•ึนืื•ึนืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืื’ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœืžื“ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื ืกื™, ืชื™ืืจ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื•" (ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘"ื˜ื•ืจื™ื", ื‘ื™' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืจืฆ"ื˜, ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”) ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืœื ื›ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืืœื ื›ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื™ื”ื ื–ื” "ืื—ื“ ืžืงืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข โ€“ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ".


ื‘ื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžื•ืœ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื˜ึถื‘ื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืช ืฆืžื“ ื”ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ึนืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช "ืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื". ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช ืืœื” (ืื• ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื“ื” ืื—ืช) ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืืžื ื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ึนืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ("ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘", "ื”ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื", "ืงื™ืจ ื”ืคืœื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืจืžื™ื–ื”" ื•ืขื•ื“), ืืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืžื”ื™ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื›ืžื•ื”ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื“ ืœื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ: ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ึผึทืœึผึธื”ึธื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”"ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช", ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืจื•ึผื‘ึผืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ืื’ื“ื•ืช-ืขื, ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ึตื“ื™ื ืžืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ึผืช ื”ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื•ืื™ื™ืžื” ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื–ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื, ืื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช-ืื“ื.


ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืชืžื™ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื "ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™" ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืคื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื—ืฉืจื•ืช ืขื ื ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืขืจื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืงืจึตื‘ื”. ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืกื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื’ื•ึนืชื™, ื”ืืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื‘ืขื™ืช, ืฉืžืžื ื• ืฆืžื—ื• ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืืœื”. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ", ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ึผืช ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื ื™ื•ึผืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื—ืจืจืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ "ืžึดืฉืชื” ืขืจื‘ ื“ึผึถื‘ึถืจ" ื”ื ืขืจืš ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ึตืงื•ึผืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ื™ืžื•ื˜ ืกื“ืจื™ ืขื•ืœื, ืขืจื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”.

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ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืจื•ื‘ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš, ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™-ืขื ืฉืœื•ืงื˜ื• ื•ืขื•ึผื‘ึผื“ื• ืœืงื”ืœ-ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ืขื™ืžื” ื•ืžื•ืฉื›ืช. "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืื™ืžื ืื•ื•ื–ื”", ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉืึทืจืœ ืคึผึถืจื•ึน (Perrault), ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: "ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื ืžื”", "ื›ื™ืคื” ืื“ื•ืžื”", "ื›ึผึฐื—ื•ึนืœ ื”ื–ึธืงึธืŸ", "ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ื‘ืžื’ืคื™ื™ื", "ื”ืคึตื™ื•ืช", "ืœื›ืœื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืกื ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช" ื•"ืืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™". ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืืคื•ื ืฉ"ืื’ื“ืช ื›ึผึฐื—ื•ึนืœ ื”ื–ึธืงึธืŸ" (La barbe bleue) ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžืจืชืคื• โ€“ ืฉืขืœื™ืœืชื” ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืจืฉื‚ โ€“ ืงื™ื‘ืœื”, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืื’ื“ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžืคืชื™ืข, ืืš ืื’ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ื“ืคืกืช ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืžืขืจื‘ื”ึผ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ (ืœืืžึดืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื’ื ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืฉืœื’ื™ื™ื”" ื•"ื›ื™ืคื” ืื“ื•ืžื”", ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ืœื”ื“ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื™ืœื“).


ื”ื–ึธืงึธืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืž"ืื‘ื–ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ืข" ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื—ืœื” ื”ื’ื•ึนืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืขืฅ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• "ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืขืจื‘" ("ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ"), ืฉื–ืงึธื ื• ืžืชื‘ื“ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื•ืืจ ื‘ืื•ืจื• ื”ื›ื—ืœื—ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืกืžื˜ื” ืืคืœื” ื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืฉื‚ึตืจ-ืจืขื•ึนืช. ืื•ืœื, ื›ื“ืจื›ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืจื•ืžื– ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ืงึธืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืชื™ื” (ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช "ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืงื™ืฅ" ืžืฉื ืช 1965), ื ืงืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืฉื‚ึตืขืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข ืคืจืื™ื ืคืจื™ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื” ื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ (ืฉืื•ืชื• ืฉืืœ ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช "ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืืฉ" ืฉืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืชืจื’ืžื•ึน ืžืฆืจืคืชื™ืช)1 ื•ื’ื ืœืฉื‚ึตืขืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ื—ืœื—ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื”ืžึธืงึทื‘ึผืจื™ืช ืขืœ "ื›ึผึฐื—ื•ึนืœ ื”ื–ึธืงึธืŸ", ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ.


ื‘ืฉื ืช 1940, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืฆืžื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ึผึธืœึธื“ื•ืช ื’ื•ึนืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื–ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ึธืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ึนื•ื”. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ืฆืžื“ ื–ื”, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ื“ โ€“ "ืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื" โ€“ ื ื™ื›ึผืจืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ืกื™ืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืžื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืžื•ื– ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ึนืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืกื‘ื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืงื” ืจื‘ืช-ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช โ€“ ืื’ื“ืช "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ" ื•ืื’ื“ืช "ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ืงึธืŸ"2 โ€“ ืฉืฆึธื‘ืขื” ืืช "ืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื" (ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ"ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื" ืžืชื•ืš "ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื") ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ื“ื ื•ื”ืจื•ืข.


ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืงึตืŸ ื”ื“ึถืžื•ื ื™, ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขืช ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืžืจืื”ื• ืกื•ืžืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื“ื”. ื”ื•ื, ื‘ื–ืงื ื• ื”ื—ื›ืœื™ืœื™, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœึดื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื ื•ืฉื-ื›ืœื™ื•, ื”ื›ึผึทื ึผึธืจ ื”ืกื•ืžื, ื”ืžื ื’ืŸ ื–ึถืžืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืึธืŸ ื ื•ืฉืŸ, ื”ืžืงื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื ืจื“ืžื™ื ื›ื‘ืจืง ("ื™ึธืฉืึธืŸ ื•ึผืžึฐืื•ึนืจ-ืขึตื™ื ึทื™ึดื ื–ึถืžึถืจ ื”ึทืžึผึธื—ื•ึนืœ")3 ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื™ึธื“ ื ืฉื™ื ืขื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืก ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ ืฉื•ืœืฃ ื”ืกื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ืื“ื•ืžื”, ืขืงื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ื™ืจื”, ืฉื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ืช "ื›ึผึทืœึผึธืชึตื ื•ึผ ื™ึธืคึธื” ื›ึผึทืœึผึฐื‘ึธื ึธื”, / ืฉืึธื ื”ื•ึนืจึฐื’ึธื” ืขึทืœ ืงึดื“ึผื•ึผืฉื ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื", ื›ื‘ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืจืงืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื•ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืขืจื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื:


ื›ึผื•ึนื›ึธื‘ ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดื“ึฐืจึนืšึฐ ื•ึฐื—ึธืฉืึฐื›ื•ึผ ื”ึทื™ึฐืื•ึนืจื•ึนืช

ื•ึฐืกึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืฉื‚ึธื“ึถื” ื•ึฐื“ึทื—ึฐืœึดื™ืœึดื™ื.

ื–ึถื” ืฉืึดื™ืจ ืœึดืžึฐื™ึปื“ึผึธืขึธืŸ ืฉืึถืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืขึฒื™ึธืจื•ึนืช

ื•ึฐื–ึถืžึถืจ ืœึดื–ึฐืงึธื ื•ึน ื”ึทื—ึทื›ึฐืœึดื™ืœึดื™.


ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื“ื•ึนืช ืึตื-ืึดืžึผึตื ื•ึผ ืฉืึธื‘ึดื™ืก ื›ึผึธื—ึนืœ,

ืขึธื‘ึทืจ ื”ึทื–ึผึธืงึตืŸ

ืขึดื ื›ึผึทื ึผึธืจ ืกื•ึผืžึธื.

ื™ึธืฉืึธืŸ ื•ึผืžึฐืื•ึนืจ-ืขึตื™ื ึทื™ึดื ื–ึถืžึถืจ ื”ึทืžึผึธื—ื•ึนืœ,

ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื”ึทืกึผึธื‘ ืฉืื•ึนืœึตืฃ

ืžึดื˜ึฐืคึผึทื—ึทืช ืึฒื“ึปืžึผึธื” - -


ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉ"ื”ื–ืงึธืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืœื™ืœื™" ืžืจืžื–, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืœื–ืงื ื• ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ืจื‘ืจื•ืกื” (ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™-ื”ืžื ืกืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช), ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืกืข ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืขืจื™ื ื•ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื ื‘ืขืงืฉื ื•ืช ื˜ึถื‘ื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ืžืจื•ืชื• (ื›ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื›ื™ื ื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืืช ืžึดื‘ืฆืข ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืช-ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืจื‘ืจื•ืกื”"). ืึดื–ื›ึผื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ืก ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืช-ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื ืœืžื”ื•ืช ืื—ืช. ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืœื ืื—ืช ืื™ื—ื” ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืช ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืขื•ืคืจืช ื”ืืคื•ืจื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื” โ€“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ึนื ึถื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ื.4


ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ึนื ึถื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื”"ืžืจื—ืคืช" ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜: ืงื™ืกืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืœื™ืœื™, ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉื™ื”ืŸ ื ืื ืกื• ื•ื ืจืฆื—ื•, ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื– ืœ"ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ" ื”ื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื›ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืŸ ืงื‘ืจ. ื•ืื’ื‘, ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ืจื‘ืจื•ืกื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืจืงืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ "ืคึผึทื ึผึธืกึดื™ื ืึฒื“ึปืžึผึตื™ ื–ึธืงึธืŸ" ื‘ื‘ืœื“ื” "ื”ืื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช" ื”ืžืขืœื” ืชืžื•ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื”ืจืก ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืžืกืชืชืจื™ื "ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ื ึตืจ ื‘ึผึทื—ึทืœึผื•ึนืŸ" (ื›ืš "ื”ึดืœื—ื™ื" ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขืชื™ืงืช-ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื‘ึผึธื”ื ืฉืจื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ึทืึฒืคึธืœึธื”). ื”ืจืžื–ื™ื ื”ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืชื‘ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื”, ื›ื˜ืขื ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืขื•ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช", ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื˜ืจื˜ื ืจ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืคึผึทื ึผึธืกึดื™ื ืึฒื“ึปืžึผึตื™ ื–ึธืงึธืŸ" ืžืจืžื–ื•ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืœืคื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืœื‘-ืงืจืก ืฉืขืจื›ื• ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืชืžื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœืงื ืฆืœืจ.


"ืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ืจ-ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื", ื—ืจืฃ ื›ื•ืชืจืชื• ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื’ืœืœื” (ืฉื”ืจื™ "ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื" [ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื” ืข"ื‘] ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื’ื "ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ, ืกื•ืžื" ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื’ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจ), ื”ื•ื ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื“ื” ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ืืคืœื”, ืฉื”ืกืชื•ื ื‘ื” ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ. ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช (ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื›ื ืจ ืกื•ืžื ื”ืžื ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ืง), ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื–ืงืŸ ื–ื” ("ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึทืœึผึตืšึฐ ื”ึทื–ึผึธืงึตืŸ ืขึทื“ ืฉืึธื ึดื™ื ืฉืึฐืžื•ึนื ึดื™ื", ื›ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืขื”), ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžื™ืข ืœื›ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ื” ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ("ื•ึทื™ึผึนืืžึถืจ ืœึธื”ึผ ืึธื—ื•ึนืช ืึธื—ื•ึนืช...") โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื–ืงึตืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžึดื‘ึผื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืœื ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืจืฆื—, ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ืจื‘ืจื•ืกื”.


ื•ืื•ืœื, ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ (ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘"ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื" ืฉื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืจ-ื”ืฆื•ืจืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื ื‘ืœืขื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื) ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ืฉืœื ืงืœ ืœืงื•ืจื ืœืงึธืœื˜ื ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืขื™ื˜",5 ืื• "ืจึตืขื•ึผืช ื–ืื‘ื”".6 ื›ืฉื ืฉื ืชืœื›ื“ื• ื›ืืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ืงึธืŸ, ื›ืŸ ื ืชืœื›ื“ื• ื›ืืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ืงึธืŸ, ื”ืžืœื•ึผื•ื” ื‘ื›ึทื ึผึธืจ ื ื•ื“ื“, ื•ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืฆื—ื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ืงึธืŸ (ื‘ืจื‘ืจื•ืกื”). ื™ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืื’ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ืจื‘ืจื•ืกื”, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืฉืžืœื›ื ืœื ืžืช ื›ื™ ืื "ื—ื™ ื•ืงื™ื™ื" ื‘ืžืขืจื”, ื“ื•ืžื” ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงืจื™, ืœืื’ื“ื” ืขืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืื“ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื”, ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืจื™ ื ืงืฉืจ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ื ื‘ืœ.7


ื•ืืฃ ื–ืืช: ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ืงึตืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื•ื ื™, ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืขื™ื™ืจื” ืœืขื™ื™ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ "ืžืœืืš ืžื•ื•ืช" ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืžืžืจื•ืžื™ื ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืœ ืชื—ื•ึผืœืœื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ึธื›ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื–ืงึตืŸ ื–ื” ืขื ื ื•ืฉื-ื›ืœื™ื• ื”ื›ึผึทื ึผึธืจ, ืฉืึธื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ืช "ื›ึผึทืœึผึธืชึตื ื•ึผ ื™ึธืคึธื” ื›ึผึทืœึผึฐื‘ึธื ึธื”, / ืฉืึธื ื”ื•ึนืจึฐื’ึธื” ืขึทืœ ืงึดื“ึผื•ึผืฉื ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื" (ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื™ื”ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื, ืœ"ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื", ื•ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืœืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื”ืŸ, ืื™ืจืขื• ืœื ืื—ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืžื’ื ืฆื”" ืฉื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืžื’ืœื” ืœืืฉืชื• ืฉ"ื”ืงืจื™ื‘" ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืžืขืŸ "ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื" (ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืจืื• ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ "ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื").8


ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ึผึทืœึผึธื”ึธื” ืืคื•ืคื™-ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืจื“ืคื• ืืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ึผืกืจ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื•. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ึผึฐืžื•ึผืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืจืฆื— ืžืชืœื›ื“ื™ื ืœืžื”ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื›ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉืึทึธื ื™, ืœืžืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืกืจ ื”ืคึผึธืฆื™ืคื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• "ืึทืœ ืชืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื" ื•"ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”". ืืœื™ื‘ื ื“ืืœืชืจืžืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืื“ื, ืฉื ื’ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœื•, ืฉื›ึผืŸ ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื•ื”ื ืจืฆื— ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื (ื›ืฉื ืฉืงื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื, ืชืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข). ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืฆื—ื•, ื›ืฉื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื ื™ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืžืชื—ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจืฆื—. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืžืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื‘"ืฉื™ืจ ืฆืœืžื™ ืคื ื™ื", ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”": "ืฆึทืœึฐืžึตื™ ืจื•ึนื“ึฐืคึธื™ื• ืฆื•ึนืคึดื™ื ืžึดืชึผื•ึนืšึฐ ืฆึทืœึฐืžื•ึน,/ ืึทืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ืฆึทืœึฐืžึธื ืฆึทืœึฐืžื•ึน ื˜ึธื‘ื•ึผืขึท" (ืฉื™ืจ ื‘' ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ "ืฉื™ืจ ืฆืœืžื™ ืคื ื™ื"). ืงืœืกืชืจื™ ืคื ื™ื” ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืคื–ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ืืœืฃ ืขื“ื™ื.


ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ ืื•ื ืก ืฉืื™ืจืขื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคึผึฐืจืขื•ืช, ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ื—ื–ื•ึผืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ ื ืคืฉื. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ึผืœื•ึผืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื ืคืชืœืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืื• ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื‘ืœื™-ืื‘. "ืฉื™ืจ ืฆึทืœึฐืžื™ ืคื ื™ื" ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืขืœ ืฆึถืœื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืคึผึธื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืืœื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉืึดื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืงืœืกืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื• ื”ื ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืขืชื” ืžืชื•ืš ืฆืœืžื•.


ื”ื‘ืœื“ื” (ืื• ืฆืžื“ ื”ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช) ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1940, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื" ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ืคืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืคื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืžื•ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ", ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ "ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื", ืคืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืคืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื“ืจืช. ื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ "ืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื" ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™-ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืขื–ื™ื โ€“ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื›ื—ื•ืœ-ืื“ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉื ื’ื ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ". ื›ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ "ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื" ื™ืฉ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื" ืขื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื›ืฉืืกืฃ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืกื ืœ"ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”", ื”ื•ื ืœื ืืกืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ "ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื" ืฉืžื‘ื ื”ื• ื•ืฆึดื“ื• ื”ืื™ื“ึตืื™ ื ื•ืฆืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื" ื•ืœื ืืกืฃ ืืช "ืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ืจ ืคื ื™ื", ืฉื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืฆืœื• ื‘ืจื•ึผื‘ึผื ื‘"ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื".


ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืขืœื™ื–ื”-ื”ืงื•ื“ืจืช โ€“ "ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื" โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื•ืงืกื™ืžื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™, ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื. ืœืžื™ืœื” "ืฉืžื—ื”" ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช (ืฉืฉื•ืŸ, ื’ื™ืœ) ื•ื’ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช (ื›ืžื™ืœื”-ื ืจื“ืคืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืฉืžื—, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•'). ืœื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืืœืชืจืžื ื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืคึผึถืจึดื™ืคืจื–ื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ืชื ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื, ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื‘"ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื" ื’ื ืžื™ืกื•ื“ "ื—ืชื•ื ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื" ื•"ืžื—ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื—ืช", ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื• ืœืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœืคื™ื• "ืขื ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžืช". "ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื" ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืŸ danse macabre ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื™ืชื” ืขื“ ืขึถื‘ืจื™ ืคื™ ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื”. ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ โ€“ ื”ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืœ "ืึท ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืœื•ืช"9 )"ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืžึตื—ื”") โ€“ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืฉื—ื•ืง ื•ื“ืžืข ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื” ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ืžื–ืจื—-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™.


ื‘ื‘ืœื“ื” ื”ื’ื ื•ื–ื” "ืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื" ื”ื›ึผึทื ึผึธืจ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง "ื›ืœื™ื–ืžืจ" ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืึทืžืฉ ื’ื ืกืžืœ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ (ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืกืžืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ืœืžืŸ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื™ืžื• ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ืชื ืืช ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”). ื›ื ืจ ื–ื” ืืฃ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืกืžืœ ืœืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ื›ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ึผืžื” ืึฑืœื™ ืจืงื‘ ืงื‘ืจ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจืช ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”"ื›ืœื™ื–ืžืจ" ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื›ืื™ื ืฉืœ "ื—ื•ืคื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”" ื•ื”ืžืจืช ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชื›ืจื™ื›ื™ื. ื”ื‘ืœื“ื” ื”ื’ื ื•ื–ื” ื•"ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื" ืฉืฆืžื—ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื" ("ื™ึธืคื•ึนืช ื›ึผึทืœึผึฐื‘ึธื ึธื” [...] ื™ึธืคึธื” ื›ึผึทืœึผึฐื‘ึธื ึธื”") ื”ื•ื ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ("ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืœ๏ญŒื ื”"),10 ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืฆืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื• "ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ ืœืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืฉื™ื™ื ื”-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœ" (ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื“ื‘ืจ" ืžื™ื•ื 9.3.1945, ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืขืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืงืฅ ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™).


ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ื—ื-ืžื ื“ืœ ื•ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ึถื‘ึผืจืื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ืฉืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ืืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืœื ืจืง "ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืœ๏ญŒื ื”" ("ื™ืคื” ื›ืœื‘ื ื”", ืึถืคึผื™ืชื˜ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขึดืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื”, ื•ื›ืืŸ ืœื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ื ื”-ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœ, ืฉืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ึฒืคื›ื”ึผ ืœื›ืœืช ื“ื•ึผืžื”). ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื• ื’ื ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ "ืžืœื ื—ืŸ", ืึถืคึผื™ืชื˜ ืฉื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ืฉื ื“ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื’ื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™. ื’ื ื”ืžื™ืžืจื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื‘"ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื•ืช ("ืึดื ื›ึผึฐืœึธื‘ึดื™ื ื‘ึผื•ึนื›ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึธืขึดื™ืจ / ื”ึฒืœึนื ืื•ึนืช ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึทืœึฐืึธืšึฐ ืขื•ึนื‘ึตืจ ื‘ึผึธืขึดื™ืจ"), ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžื™ืžืจืช ื—ื–"ืœ (ื‘"ืง ืก ืข"ื), ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืžืจื” ืจื•ึนื•ื—ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ื”ืฉื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ ื”ืขื ("ืื– ืึท ื”ื•ึผื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ"11).


ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืื•ืงืกื™ืžื•ืจื•ื ื™ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื—-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื•ืขืœ ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช-ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจืช ืคืจื ืกื•ึผืึท ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื™ืจืช ืื‘ืŸ-ืขื–ืจื, ืžืื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ื–"ืœ ื•ืžืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ื™ืžืฆื ื”ืงื•ืจื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ. ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื–ืงืŸ", ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืื’ื“ืช ื”ืขื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ืฉื ืชื’ืœื’ืœื” ืœืกืคืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ืคืš ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืœืกืžืœ ื“ื•ืืœื™, ืฉืฆื‘ืขื• ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื›ืœื™ืœื™ ื›ืื—ื“. ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, "ื™ื™ื”ื“" ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื”ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ึฒืคื›ื”ึผ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืคื ื™ ื™ืื ื•ืก ืœื” โ€“ ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื•ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืงืจื‘ื ื• ื ืฉืงืคื™ื ืžืžื ื”. "ืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื", ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœืช-ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช "ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื", ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืช-ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื•ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”"ืคื™ื–ื™ืช", ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ืืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”"ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ืช" ืฉืœ "ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื", ืคืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืคืช ื•ื”ืื•ึนื‘ึผืกืงื•ึผืจื ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืžื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช: ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื, ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจื‘, ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื˜, ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื“, ื•ืขื•ื“.

*

ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ึผืชื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืฆืžื“ ื”ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช "ืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื" ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืคืจืงื™ ืกืคืจื™ "ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ: ืฉื™ืจืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื" (ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1989), ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืจ ื’ื ื•ื– ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ "ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื". ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื’ื ื•ื– ื–ื” ื’ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืขื•ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜, ืฉืœื ืฉื›ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžึดื–ื›ึผึถื” (credit) ื”ืืงื“ืžื™, ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ื–ื” ืžืฉื‚ึทืžืฉ ื’ื ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกืš-ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžืกื›ืžื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื–ื•ืœืชื ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื, ืืš ืื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื”ื ืฉืื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.


ื•ื”ื ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ", ื›ื™ "'ืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื' ื ืขืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื• ื ืขืœื ื‘ืขืจื™ืžืช ื”ืื‘ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ".12 ืžืชื•ืš ืขึถืžื“ืช "ืขึทื“ ืฉืึทืงึผึทืžึฐืชึผึดื™" (ืจืื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”, ื–) ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืคื•ื ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืกืจ ื›ืœ ืขืจืš ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืงืข ื•"ื›ืžื• ื ืขืœื" ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื.


ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืขืœืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื• "ืœื’ืžืจื™" [ื›ืš!] ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื, ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžืžื ื• ืืช "ื”ืื‘ืง ื•ืœืฆื—ืฆื—ื•.13 ื•ืื•ืœื, ืžื™ ืฉื˜ืจื—, ืื• ื™ื˜ืจื—, ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื’ืœื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ืฉืžื• ืžืŸ ื”"ืื‘ืง", ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืจื‘ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœ"ืขืจึตืžื”" ื”ื "ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืืช ื”ึถืจื›ื‘ื”ึผ ื•ืืช ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื”, ืืš ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืคึผึนื” ื•ืฉื ืขืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื ืงืจื.


ื”ืขืจื•ืช:

  1. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ "ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื", "ืžืขืจื™ื‘" ืžื™ื•ื 10.6.1977 (ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ).

  2. ืจืื•: "ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช", ื-ื‘, ืฉื‘ืช ืชืฉ"ื˜ 1940. ืจืื• ื’ื: "ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœืชืจืžืŸ" (ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžื ื—ื ื“ื•ืจืžืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื), ื›ืจืš ื’, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืž"ื, ืขืž' 26 โ€“ 27.

  3. ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ, ืื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก, ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ "ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ืึดืฉึผืึธื”", ืืš ื›ืืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืคืš ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื” ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ื‘ื“ื• ืžื–ื•ืงืŸ.

  4. ื›ืš ื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ "ื–ื”ื‘" ืœ"ืฉื—ื•ืจ" (ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืœื™ืœื”) ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ "ื—ึดื˜ึผื•ึผื‘ ืื•ึนืคึดื™ืจ ื‘ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืขื•ึนืคึถืจึถืช" (ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื "ื‘ื’ืŸ ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ") ืฉื‘ึผื•ึน ื ื‘ืœืขื™ื ื•ืžืชื‘ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื.

  5. ืจืื• "ืฉื™ืจ ืžื—ื•ืœ", ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ "ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื".

  6. ืจืื• "ื”ื–ึธืจ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ืจึตืขื™ื•", ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื". ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืขื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืกื™ืžืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช, ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืจืžื–ืช ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉืจื ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ "ืขื™ื˜! ืขื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื™ืš" (1936) ืฉืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ืžื• ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช: "ืึถืจึถืฅ, ืขึทื™ึดื˜ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืจึทื™ึดืšึฐ, โ€“ ืขึทืœ ืคึผึธื ึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื—ึทืฉืึฐืจึทืช ืฆึตืœ".

  7. ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื’ื“ืช ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืกื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื’ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืื“ื•ื-ื”ื–ืงึธืŸ, ืจืื• ืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ ื™ืกื™ืฃ "ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืœืš ื‘ืžืขืจื”", "ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืงืจื™ืื”", 6 (ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืœ"ื˜), ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ืขืž' 39 โ€“ 50.

  8. ืฉืœืžื” ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™, "ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื", "ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื", ื’ื™ืœ' ืก, ืชืฉื›"ื (ื”ืžืืžืจ ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ "ื“ืขืช").

  9. ื ื—ื•ื ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืฉืงืึธื•ื• (ืกื˜ื•ืฆ'ืงื•ื‘), "ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืฆืจ ๏ญŽื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึดื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš", (1950), ืกื™ืžืŸ 498, ืขืž' 527.

  10. ืฉื, ืกื™ืžืŸ 520, ืขืž' 527.

  11. ืฉื, ืกื™ืžืŸ 243, ืขืž' 188.

  12. ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, "ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื ืงื", "ื”ืืจืฅ", ืžื™ื•ื 16.4.2020.

  13. ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืกืคืจื™ "ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ", ืฉื‘ื• ื ื“ื•ืŸ "ืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื", ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื“ืคืกื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (ื•ื’ื™ืจืกืชื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืืชืจ www.zivashamir.com ื–ื•ื›ื” ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืžืื” "ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช" ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช).

* ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืง ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1989 ื‘ืกืคืจื™"ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ". ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื‘ืืชืจ www.zivashamir.com ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” "ืกืคืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื“ื”".

ืชื™ื•ื’ื™ื:

ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืืชืจ - 

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